Abstract
Cognitive impairments have profound implications for the management of severe mental disorders; however, they are rarely assessed in everyday clinical practice due to constraints in time, resource and expertise. Novel and short instruments, such as the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP), which overcome such limitations are greatly needed. The study aims to assess the validity and reliability, among healthy subjects, of the Italian translation of the SCIP, a brief, accessible tool to detect cognitive impairments among individuals suffering from mental disorders, as the first step to validate the instrument in clinical settings. One-hundred and twenty healthy subjects completed two of the three alternative forms of the SCIP. Cronbach Alpha (0.70) supported the reliability of the SCIP scores. Correlation coefficients supported the test–retest reliability of the tool. Learning effects were observed despite the use of alternative forms. Factor analysis indicated a two-factor solution explaining 55.4% of the total variance: the first factor (“memory”) loading for VLT-I and VLT-D and less for WMT; the second factor (“executive function”) loading for VFT and PST and less for WMT. The study proved the validity and reliability of the Italian version of the SCIP as a reliable and simple instrument to screen for cognitive impairment in the general population.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- SCIP:
-
Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry
- VLT-I:
-
Verbal Learning Test-Immediate
- WMT:
-
Working memory test
- VFT:
-
Verbal fluency test
- VLT-D:
-
Verbal Learning Test-Delayed
- PST:
-
Psychomotor speed test
References
American Psychological Association. (1998). Guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age-related cognitive decline. American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force. American Psychologist, 53, 1298–1303.
Belvederi Murri, M., Folesani, F., Costa, S., Biancosino, B., Colla, C., Zerbinati, L., et al. (2020). Screening for cognitive impairment in non-affective psychoses: A comparison between the SCIP and the MoCA. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.01.005.
Bora, E. (2016). Differences in cognitive impairment between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Considering the role of heterogeneity. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 70, 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12410.
Cipriani, G., Danti, S., Carlesi, C., Cammisuli, D. M., & Di Fiorino, M. (2017). Bipolar disorder and cognitive dysfunction. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205, 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000720.
Cuesta, M. J., Pino, O., Guilera, G., Rojo, J. E., Gomez-Benito, J., Purdon, S. E., et al. (2011). Brief cognitive assessment instruments in schizophrenia and bipolar patients, and healthy control subjects: A comparison study between the Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) and the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry. Schizophrenia Research, 130, 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.020.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
Galderisi, S., Rossi, A., Rocca, P., Bertolino, A., Mucci, A., Bucci, P., et al. (2014). The influence of illness-related variables, personal resources and context-related factors on real-life functioning of people with schizophrenia. World Psychiatry, 13, 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20167.
Gold, J. M., Queern, C., Iannone, V. N., & Buchanan, R. W. (1999). Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status as a screening test. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1944–1950. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.12.1944.
Gómez-Benito, J., Berrío, Á. I., Guilera, G., Rojo, E., Purdon, S., & Pino, O. (2018). The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry: Proposal for a polytomous scoring system. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1598.
Guilera, G., Pino, O., Gomez-Benito, J., Rojo, J. E., Vieta, E., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., et al. (2009). Clinical usefulness of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S) scale in patients with type I bipolar disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-28.
Heilbronner, U., Samara, M., Leucht, S., Falkai, P., & Schulze, T. G. (2016). The longitudinal course of schizophrenia across the lifespan: Clinical, cognitive, and neurobiological aspects. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24, 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000092.
Hurford, I. M., Marder, S. R., Keefe, R. S. E., Reise, S. P., & Bilder, R. M. (2011). A brief cognitive assessment tool for schizophrenia: Construction of a tool for clinicians. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37, 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp095.
Jensen, J. H., Stottrup, M. M., Nayberg, E., Knorr, U., Ullum, H., Purdon, S. E., et al. (2015). Optimising screening for cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Validation and evaluation of objective and subjective tools. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.039.
Kline, P. (2000). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge.
Purdon, S., et al. (2005). The screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry: Administration and psychometric properties. Edmont: PNL.
Lima, I. M. M., Peckham, A. D., Johnson, S. L., & States, U. (2019). Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006.Cognitive.
Maltais, J. R., Gagnon, G., Garant, M. P., & Trudel, J. F. (2015). Correlation between age and MMSE in schizophrenia. International Psychogeriatrics. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215000459.
Manning, V., Wanigaratne, S., Best, D., Strathdee, G., Schrover, I., & Gossop, M. (2007). Screening for cognitive functioning in psychiatric outpatients with schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, and dual diagnosis. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.11.019.
Miskowiak, K. W., Bowie, C. R., Burdick, K. E., Bonnin, A. M. C. M., & Carvalho, A. F. (2018a). Assessing and addressing cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force recommendations for clinicians. Bipolar disorders. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12595.
Miskowiak, K. W., Burdick, K. E., Martinez-Aran, A., Bonnin, C. M., Bowie, C. R., Carvalho, A. F., et al. (2018b). Assessing and addressing cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force recommendations for clinicians. Bipolar Disorders, 20, 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12595.
Moirand, R., Galvao, F., Lecompte, M., Poulet, E., Haesebaert, F., & Brunelin, J. (2018). Usefulness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to monitor cognitive impairments in depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.022.
Ott, C. V., Bjertrup, A. J., Jensen, J. H., Ullum, H., Sjælland, R., Purdon, S. E., et al. (2016). Screening for cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression: Validation and evaluation of objective and subjective tools. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.059.
Peterson, L. R., & Peterson, M. J. (1959). Short-term retention of individual verbal items. J. Exp. Psychol., 58, 193–198.
Pezzuti, L., Barbaranelli, C., & Orsini, A. (2012). Structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised in the Italian Normal Standardisation Sample. J. Cogn. Psychol.. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.629781.
Pino, Ó., Guilera, G., Gómez, J., Rojo, J. E., Vallejo, J., & Purdon, S. E. (2006). Escala breve para evaluar el deterioro cognitivo en pacientes psiquiátricos. Psicothema, 18(3), 447–452.
Pino, O., Guilera, G., Rojo, J. E., Gomez-Benito, J., Bernardo, M., Crespo-Facorro, B., et al. (2008). Spanish version of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S): Psychometric properties of a brief scale for cognitive evaluation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 99, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.012.
Rademeyer, M., & Joubert, P. (2016). A comparison between the mini-mental state examination and the montreal cognitive assessment test in schizophrenia. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 22, 890. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.890.
Rojo, E., Pino, O., Guilera, G., Gomez-Benito, J., Purdon, S. E., Crespo-Facorro, B., et al. (2010). Neurocognitive diagnosis and cut-off scores of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-S). Schizophrenia Research, 116, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.005.
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., & Parker, S. B. (1996). Benton controlled oral word association test: Reliability and updated norms. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 329–338.
Tourjman, S. V., Beauchamp, M. H., Djouini, A., Neugot-cerioli, M., Gagner, C., Baruch, P., et al. (2016). French validation of the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-F). Open Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2016.61013.
Tourjman, S. V., Potvin, S., Corbalan, F., Djouini, A., Purdon, S. E., Stip, E., et al. (2018). Rapid screening for cognitive deficits in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders with the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0268-7.
Yang, Z., Abdul Rashid, N. A., Quek, Y. F., Lam, M., See, Y. M., Maniam, Y., et al. (2018). Montreal cognitive assessment as a screening instrument for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.03.008.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethics Approval
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Ferrara. Participation was voluntary.
Informed Consent
All subjects received previous information about the content of this study and signed a written consent form before participating.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Belvederi Murri, M., Folesani, F., Costa, S. et al. Italian Validation of the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry. Community Ment Health J 56, 1411–1418 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00583-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00583-x