Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic differences in the response to landscape fragmentation by a habitat generalist, the bobcat, and a habitat specialist, the ocelot

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Conservation Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ecology of a species strongly influences genetic variation and population structure. This interaction has important conservation implications because taxa with low dispersal capability and inability to use different habitats are more susceptible to anthropogenic stressors. Ocelots (Leopardus pardalis albescens) and bobcats (Lynx rufus texensis) are sympatric in Texas and northeastern Mexico; however, their ecology and conservation status are markedly different. We used 10 microsatellite loci and a 397-bp segment of the mitochondrial control region to examine how historical and ecological differences in these two species have influenced current patterns of genetic diversity in a landscape heavily altered by anthropogenic activities. Substantially higher genetic diversity (heterozygosity and haplotype diversity) and population connectivity was observed for bobcats in comparison to ocelots. The level of divergence among proximate ocelot populations (<30 km) was greater than between bobcat populations separated by >100 km. Ocelot populations in the US have never recovered from reductions experienced during the twentieth century, and their low genetic variation and substantial isolation are exacerbated by strong preference for dense native thornshrub and avoidance of open habitat. In contrast, despite continued legal harvesting and frequent road-related mortality, bobcats have maintained wide distribution, high abundance, and population connectivity. Our study illustrates that sympatric species with a similar niche can still have sufficient ecological differences to alter their response to anthropogenic change. Sensitive species, such as the ocelot, require additional conservation actions to sustain populations. Ecological differences among species occupying a similar guild are important to consider when developing conservation plans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Avise JC (1994) Molecular markers, natural history, and evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Avise JC (2000) Phylogeography: the history and formation of species. Harvard University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankenship TL (2000) Ecological response of bobcats to fluctuating prey populations on the Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge. Dissertation, Texas A&M University–Texas A&M University–Kingsville, College Station and Kingsville, Texas, USA

  • Blankenship TL, Haines AM, Tewes ME, Silvy NJ (2006) Comparing survival and cause-specific mortality between resident and transient bobcats Lynx rufus. Wildl Biol 12:297–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Branch LC, Clark AM, Molar PE, Bowen BW (2003) Fragmented landscapes, habitat specificity, and conservation genetics of three lizards in Florida scrub. Conserv Genet 2:199–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büchi L, Vuilleumier S (2014) Coexistence of specialist and generalist species is shaped by dispersal and environmental factors. Am Nat 183:612–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casas-Marce M, Soriano L, Lopez-Bao JV, Godoy JA (2013) Genetics at the verge of extinction: insights from the Iberian lynx. Mol Ecol 22:5503–5515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caso A (1994) Home range and habitat use of three neotropical carnivores in northeast Mexico. Thesis, Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Kingsville, USA

  • Clement M, Posada D, Crandall K (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol 9:1657–1660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks KR (2002) Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv Biol 16:488–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croteau EK, Heist EJ, Nielsen CK, Hutchinson JR, Hellgren EC (2012) Microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA reveal regional population structure in bobcats (Lynx rufus) of North America. Conserv Genet 13:1637–1651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney KS, Riley SPD, Fisher N (2010) A rapid, strong, and convergent genetic response to urban habitat fragmentation in four divergent and widespread vertebrates. PLoS ONE 5(9):e12767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012767

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Didham RK (2010) Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation. In: Janson R (ed) Encyclopedia of life sciences. Wiley, Chichester. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021904

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl DA, vonHoldt BM (2012) STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv Genet Resour 4:359–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evanno G, Regnaut S, Goudet J (2005) Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Mol Ecol 14:2611–2620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier L, Smouse PE, Quattro JM (1992) Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479–491

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S (2005) Arlequin (version 3.0): an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evol Bioinform 1:47–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CV (1998) Habitat use by free-ranging felids in an agroecosystem. Masters Thesis, Texas A&M University–Kingsville, Kingsville, USA

  • Frankham R (2005) Genetics and extinction. Biol Conserv 126:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R, Ralls K (1998) Conservation biology: inbreeding leads to extinction. Nature 392:441–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman AR, MacHugh DE, McKeown S, Walzer C, McConnell DJ, Bradley DG (2001) Sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA control region of wild African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Heredity 86:355–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu XH, Li WH (1993) Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations. Genetics 133:693–709

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gårdmark A, Enberg K, Ripa J, Laasko J, Kaitala V (2003) The ecology of recovery. Ann Zool Fenn 40:131–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudet J (1995) FSTAT (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered 86:485–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubbi S, Poornesha HC, Madhusudan MD (2012) Impact of vehicular traffic on the use of highway edges by large mammals in a South Indian wildlife reserve. Curr Sci 102:1047–1051

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo SW, Thompson EA (1992) Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportions for multiple alleles. Biometrics 48:361–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Tewes ME, Laack LL (2005a) Survival and sources of mortality in ocelots. J Wildl Manag 69:255–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Tewes ME, Laack LL, Grant WE, Young JH (2005b) Evaluating recovery strategies for an ocelot population in southern Texas. Biol Conserv 126:512–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Grassman LI Jr, Tewes ME, Janecka JE (2006a) The first ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) monitored via GPS telemetry. Eur J Wildl Res 52:216–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Janecka JE, Tewes ME, Grassman LI Jr (2006b) The importance of private lands for the endangered ocelot Leopardus pardalis in the United States using camera traps. Oryx 40:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Tewes ME, Laack LL, Horne JS, Young JH (2006c) A habitat-based population viability analysis for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the United States. Biol Conser 132:424–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haines AM, Leu M, Svancara L, Wilson G, Scott JM, Reese KP (2008) A theoretical approach to using human footprint models to measure landscape level conservation success. Conserv Lett 1:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harveson PM, Tewes ME, Anderson GL, Laack LL (2004) Habitat use by ocelots in south Texas: implications for restoration. Wildl Soc Bull 32:948–954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick P (2011) Genetics of populations, 4th edn. Jones and Barlett Publishers, Sudbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrun RD, Silvy NJ, Peterson MJ, Tewes ME (2006) Estimating bobcat abundance using automatically triggered cameras. Wildl Soc Bull 34:69–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henle K, Davies KF, Kleyer M, Margules C, Settele J (2004) Predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodivers Conserv 13:207–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homer C, Dewitz J, Fry J, Coan M, Hossain N, Larson C, Herold N, McKerrow A, VanDriel JN, Wickham J (2007) Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 73(4):337–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Horne JS, Haines AM, Tewes ME, Laack LL (2009) Habitat partitioning by sympatric ocelots and bobcats: implications for recovery of ocelots in southern Texas. Southwest Nat 54:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson VL, Zimmerman EG (2005) Landscape metrics associated with habitat use by ocelots in south Texas. J Wildl Manag 69:733–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jae-Heup K, Eizirik E, O’Brien SJ, Johnson WE (2001) Structure and patterns of sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA control region of the great cats. Mitochondrion 14:279–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahrsdoerfer SE, Leslie DM Jr (1988) Tamaulipan brushland of the Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas: description, human impacts, and management options. United States fish and wildlife service. Biol Rep 88(36):66

    Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Blankenship TL, Hirth DH, Tewes ME, Kilpatrick CW, Grassman LI Jr (2006a) Kinship and social structure of bobcats (Lynx rufus) inferred from microsatellite and radio-telemetry data. J Zool (London) 269:494–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Grassman LI Jr, Derr JN, Honeycutt RL, Eiadthong W, Tewes ME (2006b) Rapid whole genome amplification of DNA from felids: applications for conservation genetics. Wildl Soc Bull 34:1134–1141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Blankenship TL, Hirth DH, Kilpatrick CW, Grassman LI Jr, Tewes ME (2007a) Evidence for male-biased dispersal in bobcats using relatedness and kinship analysis. J Wildl Biol 13:38–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Grassman LI Jr, Honeycutt RL, Tewes ME (2007b) Whole genome amplification for sequencing and applications in conservation genetics. J Wildl Manag 71:1357–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Walker CW, Tewes ME, Caso A, Laack LL, Honeycutt RL (2007c) Phylogenetic relationships of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis albescens) populations from the Tamaulipan Biotic Province and implications for recovery. Southwest Nat 52:89–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Tewes ME, Grassman LI Jr, Haines AM, Honeycutt RL (2008) Small effective population sizes of two remnant ocelot populations (Leopardus pardalis albescens) in the United States. Conserv Genet 9:869–878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Tewes ME, Laack LL, Caso A, Grassman LI Jr, Haines AM, Shindle DB, Davis B, Murphy WJ, Honeycutt RL (2011) Reduced genetic diversity and isolation of remnant ocelot populations occupying a severely fragmented landscape in southern Texas. Anim Conserv 14:608–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janecka JE, Tewes ME, Laack LL, Caso A, Grassman LI Jr, Honeycutt RL (2014) Loss of genetic diversity among ocelots in the United States during the 20th century linked to human induced population reductions. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89384:1–e89384:10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laack LL (1991) Ecology of the ocelot (Felis pardalis) in south Texas. Masters Thesis, Texas A&I University, Kingsville, USA

  • Laack LL, Tewes ME, Haines AM, Rappole J (2005) Reproductive life history of ocelots Leopardus pardalis in southern Texas. Acta Theriol 50:505–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larivière S, Walton LR (1997) Lynx rufus. Mamm Species 563:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Ruell EW, Boydston EE, Lyren LM, Alonso RS, Troyer JL, Crooks KR, VandeWoude S (2012) Gene flow and pathogen transmission among bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a fragmented urban landscape. Mol Ecol 21:1617–1631

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur RH (1972) Geographical ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantel N (1967) The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 27:209–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Lyons LA, Schaffer AA, Tomlin JF, Hutton MK, O’Brien SJ (1999) A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Genomics 57:9–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray JL, Gardner GL (1997) Leopardus pardalis. Mamm Species 548:10–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei M, Li WH (1979) Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 76:5269–5273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Evermann JF (1988) Interactive influence of infectious disease and genetic diversity in natural populations. Trends Ecol Evol 3:254–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Roelke ME, Marker L, Newman A, Winkler CA, Meltzer D, Collym L, Evermann JF, Bush M, Wildt DE (1985) Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheetah. Science 227:1428–1434

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ, Martenson JS, Packer C, Herbst L, de Vos V, Joslin P, Ott-Joslin J, Wildt DE (1987) Biochemical genetic variation in geographic isolates of African and Asiatic lions. Nat Geogr Res 3:114–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Paetkau D, Slade R, Burden M, Estoup A (2004) Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation-based exploration of accuracy and power. Mol Ecol 13:55–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palomares F, Godoy JA, Piriz A, O’Brien SJ, Johnson WE (2002) Faecal genetic analysis to determine the presence and distribution of elusive carnivores: design and feasibility for the Iberian lynx. Mol Ecol 11:2171–2182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peakall R, Smouse PE (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28:2537–2539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Price CV, Nakagaki NK, Hitt J, Clawges RC (2006) Enhanced historical land-use and land-cover data sets of the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Geological survey digital data series 240. [digital data set] http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240

  • Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnely P (2000) Inference of population structure from multilocus data. Genetics 155:945–949

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rannala B, Mountain JL (1997) Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 94:9197–9201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reding DM, Bronikowski AM, Johnson WE, Clark WR (2012) Pleistocene and ecological effects on continental-scale genetic differentiation in the bobcat (Lynx rufus). Mol Ecol 21:3078–3093

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed DH, Frankham R (2003) Correlation between fitness and genetic diversity. Conserv Biol 17:230–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed DH, Lowe EH, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (2003) Inbreeding and extinction: effects of rate of inbreeding. Conserv Genet 4:405–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice JE (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43:223–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SPD, Sauvajot RM, Fuller TK (2003) Effects of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on bobcats and coyotes in southern California. Conserv Biol 17:566–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SPD, Pollinger JP, Sauvajot RM (2006) A southern California freeway is a physical and social barrier to gene flow in carnivores. Mol Ecol 15:1733–1741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley SPD, Boydston EE, Crooks KR, Lyren LM (2010) Bobcats (Lynx rufus). In: Gehrt SD, Riley SPD, Cypher BL (eds) Urban carnivores: ecology, conflict, and conservation. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 121–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Roelke ME, Martenson JS, O’Brien SJ (1993) The consequences of demographic reduction and genetic depletion in the endangered Florida panther. Curr Biol 3:340–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogala JK, Hebblewhite M, Whittington J, White CA, Coleshill J, Musiani M (2011) Human activity differentially redistributes large mammals in the Canadian Rockies national parks. Ecol Soc 16:16

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenzweig ML (1981) A theory of habitat selection. Ecology 62:327–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozas J, Rozas R (1999) DnaSP version 3: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis. Bioinformatics 15:174–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruell EW, Riley SP, Douglas MR, Pollinger JP, Crooks KR (2009) Estimating bobcat population sizes and densities in a fragmented urban landscape using noninvasive capture-recapture sampling. J Mamm 90:129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson EW, Jaiteh M, Levy MA, Redford KH, Wannebo AV, Woolmer G (2002) The human footprint and the last of the wild. Bioscience 52:891–904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidly DJ (2002) Texas natural history: a century of change. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidly DJ (2004) The mammals of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt K, Kowalczyk R, Ozolins J, Männil P, Fickel J (2009) Genetic structure of the Eurasian lynx population in north-eastern Poland and the Baltic states. Conserv Genet 10:497–501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shindle DB, Tewes ME (1998) Woody species composition of habitats used by ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in the Tamaulipan Biotic Province. Southwest Natt 43:273–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Shindle DB, Tewes ME (2000) Immobilization of wild ocelots with tiletamine and zolazepam in southern Texas. J Wildl Dis 36:546–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slatkin M, Barton NH (1989) A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow. Evolution 43:1349–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugg DW, Chesser RK, Dobson FS, Hoogland JL (1996) Population genetics meets behavioral ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 11:338–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunquist ME, Sunquist F (2002) Wild cats of the world. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajima F (1989) Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 123:585–595

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tewes ME (1986) Ecological and behavioral correlates of ocelot spatial patterns. Dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow, USA

  • Tewes ME, Everett DD (1986) Status and distribution of the endangered ocelot and jaguarundi in Texas. In: Miller SD, Everett DD (eds) Cats of the world: biology, conservation, and management. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, pp 147–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jean-Mougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The CLUSTAL-X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay TA, White WA, Raney JA (2005) Native woodland loss during the mid 1900s in Cameron County, Texas. Southwest Nat 50:479–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (2010) Census. http://www.census.gov. Accessed 3 March 2015

  • Uphyrkina O, Miquelle D, Quigley H, Driscoll C, O’Brien SJ (2002) Conserv genet of the Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus oreintalis). J Hered 93:303–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker RJ (1998) Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildt DE, Bush M, Goodrowe KL, Packer C, Pusey AE, Brown JL, Joslin P, O’Brien SJ (1987) Reproductive and genetic consequences of founding isolated lion populations. Nature 329:328–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation (to TLB and JEJ), Tim and Karen Hixon Foundation (to MET), Rachel and Ben Vaughan Foundation (to MET), James R. Dougherty Foundation (to MET), Karen and Phil Hunke (to MET), and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Grant E-77-R (to JEJ & RLH) for funding this project. This article represents publication number 15-114 of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, 001 of the East Wildlife Foundation, and 714 of the Rob and Bessie Welder Foundation. We thank Randy DeYoung, Alan Fedynich, and Mary Janecka for thorough editing of the manuscript and valuable comments, and Matt Jevit for creating species distribution map.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA

    Jan E. Janecka

  2. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA

    Michael E. Tewes

  3. Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, 79016, USA

    Imogene A. Davis

  4. Applied Conservation Lab, Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, 17551-0302, USA

    Aaron M. Haines

  5. Proyecto Sobre los Felinos Silvestres de Mexico, Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico

    Arturo Caso

  6. Rob & Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge, Sinton, TX, 78387, USA

    Terry L. Blankenship

  7. Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263-4321, USA

    Rodney L. Honeycutt

Authors
  1. Jan E. Janecka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael E. Tewes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Imogene A. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aaron M. Haines
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Arturo Caso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Terry L. Blankenship
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rodney L. Honeycutt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan E. Janecka.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 52 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Janecka, J.E., Tewes, M.E., Davis, I.A. et al. Genetic differences in the response to landscape fragmentation by a habitat generalist, the bobcat, and a habitat specialist, the ocelot. Conserv Genet 17, 1093–1108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0846-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-016-0846-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation