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Genetic and morphological analyses indicate high population mixing in the endangered cichlid Alcolapia flock of East Africa

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Abstract

Alcolapia is a minor genus of small-bodied, polymorphic cichlids inhabiting the lagoons and hot springs surrounding the soda lakes Natron (largely in Tanzania) and Magadi (Kenya). Three Alcolapia species are present at Natron (Alcolapia alcalicus, Alcolapia ndalalani and Alcolapia latilabris) and one at Magadi (Alcolapia grahami). All are IUCN Red Listed as either vulnerable or endangered. We performed analyses of morphometric and genetic structure on 13 populations of the Natron Alcolapia flock, and one A. grahami population of Lake Magadi as an out-group. Morphometric analyses revealed significant differentiation in the head and mouth shape of the species at Natron. From a genetic perspective, among 70 mtDNA control region sequences 17 haplotypes were found, showing in the minimum spanning network a star-like pattern around the widespread haplotype 2lat. At Natron, there was limited genetic differentiation between the different populations of A. alcalicus and A. latilabris, despite apparent ecological barriers of extreme alkalinity that suggested their populations were isolated. Instead, there appeared to be some population connectivity, with a rate of 0.5–2.3 migrants per generation suggesting that natural factors, such as intense rains or transmission by large piscivorous birds, facilitate population connectivity and maintain genetic similarity. The outputs of high population connectivity and one genetic unit at the basin level (despite morphological divergence) suggest that any human activities that disrupt the connectivity of the freshwater resources of the Natron catchment could further threaten the integrity and current status of these already threatened fish populations.

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Acknowledgments

The field research was funded by British Council DELPHE 291 ‘Field IT For East Africa’ 2007–2010 through the University of Nairobi, Kenya and University of Leicester, UK. The field equipment used for transport and camps belonged to the University of Leicester programme ‘Lakes, People and Wetlands of East Africa’s Rift Valley’. The genetic analyses were funded by University of Insubria. We thank the Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) for the research permit which allowed this study, support from the Wetlands Unit, Wildlife Division, Tanzania with Danida funding, Kenyan staff organized by Mrs Velia Carn for catering and driving and Matt Aberhard for the use of facilities and accommodation for JDB and RB in the field in 2008. We also thank Dr Sean Avery for his assistance and local knowledge in the field.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy

    Serena Zaccara, Giuseppe Crosa & Giorgio Binelli

  2. Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21000, Varese, Italy

    Isabella Vanetti

  3. Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK

    David M. Harper

  4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Kenneth M. Mavuti

  5. Wetlands Unit, Wildlife Division, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

    John D. Balarin

  6. Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK

    J. Robert Britton

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  1. Serena Zaccara
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Zaccara, S., Crosa, G., Vanetti, I. et al. Genetic and morphological analyses indicate high population mixing in the endangered cichlid Alcolapia flock of East Africa. Conserv Genet 15, 429–440 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0551-2

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