Skip to main content
Log in

A Guide for Assessing Clients’ Attachment to the Sacred: The Spiritual Attachment History

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Contemporary Family Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Current research supports that many people relate to God or a higher power in ways consistent with attachment theory, yet nothing exists assisting therapists in gathering attachment-focused background information regarding their clients’ spiritual lives. This paper fills that gap with the Spiritual Attachment History (SAH), a semi-structured interview guide adapted from an ICEEFT Training in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy attachment history handout, to help the authors meet their clients’ spiritual and relational clinical concerns. We describe how we developed the SAH and provide a case study of its incorporation into two treatment plans. We also discuss implications for training, for use by marriage and family therapists, for cross-cultural research, and the ethics of addressing spirituality as a cultural issue.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant–mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932–937. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.34.10.932.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. G. (2013). Hope in human attachment and spiritual connection. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 77, 302–331. doi:10.1521/bumc.2013.77.4.302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aponte, H. J. (2002). Spirituality: The heart of therapy. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 13(1/2), 13–27. doi:10.1300/J085v13n01_02.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartoli, E. (2007). Religious and spiritual issues in psychotherapy practice: Training the trainer. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44(1), 54–65. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.1.54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss (Vol. 1). New York: Basic Books. doi:10.2307/2798963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation anxiety and anger (Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books. doi:10.1192/bjp.123.5.600-a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullis, R. K. (1996). Spirituality in social work practice. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9780203768037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, S. J. (2010). Attachment to God as a source of struggle and strength: Exploring the association between Christians’ relationship with God and their emotional well-being (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1699#sthash.SN29BfsH.dpuf.

  • Cicirelli, V. (2004). God as the ultimate attachment figure for older adults. Attachment & Human Development, 6, 371–388. doi:10.1080/1461673042000303091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fife, S. T., & Whiting, J. B. (2007). Values in family therapy practice and research: An invitation for reflection. Contemporary Family Therapy, 29(1–2), 71–86. doi:10.1007/s10591-007-9027-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fife, S. T., Whiting, J. B., Bradford, K., & Davis, S. (2014). The therapeutic pyramid: A common factors synthesis of techniques, alliance, and way of being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40(1), 20–33. doi:10.1111/jmft.12041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, T. L., Malette, J., & Guirguis-Younger, M. (2011). Spirituality and religiousness: A diversity of definitions. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13(3), 158–181. doi:10.1080/19349637.2011.593404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghobary, B., Miner, M., & Proctor, M. T. (2013). Attachment to God in Islamic spirituality. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 7(2), 77–104. doi:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover-Graf, N. M., Marini, I., Baker, J., & Buck, T. (2007). Religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of persons with chronic pain. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 51(1), 21–33. doi:10.1177/00343552070510010501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, Z. (2005). Spirituality, contemporary approaches to defining. Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development, 424–426. doi:10.4135/9781412952477.n228.

  • Hage, S. M., Hopson, A., Siegel, M., Payton, G., & DeFanti, E. (2006). Multicultural training in spirituality: An interdisciplinary review. Counseling and Values, 50(3), 217–234. doi:10.1002/j.2161-007X.2006.tb00058.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamdan, A. (2007). A case study of a muslim client: Incorporating religious beliefs and practices. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35(2), 92–100. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2007.tb00052.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haug, I. E. (1998). Spirituality as a dimension of family therapists’ clinical training. Contemporary Family Therapy, 20(4), 471–483. doi:10.1023/A:1021628132514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, E. (2008). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 2nd ed. (pp. 552–598). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R. (2000). Spiritual ecomaps: A new diagrammatic tool for assessing marital and family spirituality. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy26(2), 217–228. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00291.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, D. R. (2001a). Spiritual assessment: A review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work, 46(3), 203–214. doi:10.1093/sw/46.3.203.

  • Hodge, D. R. (2001b). Spiritual genograms: A generational approach to assessing spirituality. Families in Society, 82, 35–48. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.220.

  • Hodge, D. R. (2005a). Spiritual ecograms: A new assessment instrument for identifying clients’ spiritual strengths in space and across time. Families in Society, 86, 287–296. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.2467.

  • Hodge, D. R. (2005b). Spiritual lifemaps: A client-centered pictorial instrument for spiritual assessment, planning, and intervention. Social Work, 50, 77–87. doi:10.1093/sw/50.1.77.

  • Hodge, D. R., & Williams, T. R. (2002). Assessing African American spirituality with spiritual eco-maps. Families in Society, S3(5/6), 585–595. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Centre for Excellence in Emotionally Focused Therapy. (2016). Personal communication via ICEEFT Listserve.

  • Johnson, C. V., Hayes, J. A., & Wade, N. G. (2007). Psychotherapy with troubled spirits: A qualitative investigation. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 450–460. doi:10.1080/10503300600953520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. M. (2002). Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy (2nd edn.). New York: Brunner-Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203843871.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. (2014). Introduction: Understanding relationships–What we would need to know to conceptualize attachment as the cultural solution of a universal developmental task. In H. Otto & H. Keller (Eds.), Different faces of attachment: Cultural variations on a universal human need (pp. 1–26). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139226684.002.

  • Kirkpatrick, L. (1992). An attachment-theory approach psychology of religion. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 3–28. doi:10.1207/s15327582ijpr0201_2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, L. (1995). Attachment theory and religious experience. In R. Hood (Ed.), Handbook of religious experience (pp. 446–475). Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press. doi:10.2307/3512348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 315–334. doi:10.2307/1386461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, S., Catlin, L., Casper, M., & Schlosser, L. Z. (2005). Addressing religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: Clients’ perspectives 1. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 287–303. doi:10.1080/10503300500090894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Titus, P. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and health in medically ill hospitalized older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 554–562. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52161.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, M. (1992). Implications of psychotherapy outcome research for psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 94–129). New York: Basic Books. doi:10.1093/med/9780195165791.001.0001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maltby, L. E., & Hall, T. W. (2012). Trauma, attachment, and spirituality: A case study. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40, 302–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, S. N., Pavkov, T. W., Hecker, L. L., & Killmer, J. M. (2012). Marriage and family therapy graduate students’ satisfaction with training regarding religion and spirituality. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34(4), 468–480. doi:10.1007/s10591-012-9205-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner, M., Ghobary, B., Dowson, M., & Proctor, M. T. (2014). Spiritual attachment in Islam and Christianity: Similarities and differences. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(1), 79–93. doi:10.1080/13674676.2012.749452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson-Becker, H. B. (2005). Religion and coping in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 45(1/2), 51–68. doi:10.1300/J083v45n01_04.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work II. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 4–8. doi:10.1037/a0022180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke, C. (1996). Listening for the sacred: Addressing spiritual issues in the group treatment of adults with mental illness. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 66(2), 177–196. doi:10.1080/00377319609517453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickard, J. G., & Nelson-Becker, H. (2011). Attachment and spiritual coping: Theory and practice with older adults. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13(2), 138–155. doi:10.1080/19349637.2011.565239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Post, B. C., & Wade, N. G. (2009). Religion and spirituality in psychotherapy: A practice‐friendly review of research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 131–146. doi:10.1002/jclp.20563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, M. T. (2006). The God Attachment Interview Schedule: Implicit and explicit assessment of attachment to God (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Western Sydney, Australia. Retrieved from http://uwsprod.uws.dgicloud.com/.

  • Proctor, M. T., Miner, M., McLean, L., Devenish, S., & Bonab, B. G. (2009). Exploring Christians’ explicit attachment to God representations: The development of a template for assessing attachment to God experiences. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 37(4), 245. doi:0091-6471/410-730

  • Reinert, D. F., & Edwards, C. E. (2014). Attachment theory and concepts of God: Parent referencing versus self-referencing. SAGE Open, 4(4), 1–9. doi:10.1177/2158244014560547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, E. M., Westefeld, J. S., & Ansley, T. N. (2001). Spiritual issues in counseling: Clients’ beliefs and preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 61–69. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.48.1.61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowatt, W., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Two dimensions of attachment to God and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41, 637–651. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, J. G., Novak, J. R., Davis, S. Y., & Busby, D. M. (2016). The brief accessibility, responsiveness, and engagement scale: A tool for measuring attachment behaviors in clinical couples. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42(1), 106–122. doi:10.1111/jmft.12151.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., Fischer, R., & Liu, J. H. (2005). Reliability and validity of the revised experiences in close relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(11), 1524–1536. doi:10.1177/0146167205276865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sim, T. N., & Yow, A. S. (2011). God attachment, mother attachment, and father attachment in early and middle adolescence. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(2), 264–278. doi:10.1007/s10943-010-9342-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, S. Y. (1996). Religion in clinical practice: Implicit and explicit integration. In E. P. Shafranske (Ed.), Religion and the clinical practice of psychology (pp. 365–387). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10199-013.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (2010). Spiritual diversity: Multifaith perspectives in family therapy. Family Process, 49(3), 330–348. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01326.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (Ed.). (2012). Normal family processes: Growing diversity and complexity. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, A. J., Pargament, K. I., Flannelly, K. J., & Oppenheimer, J. E. (2006). Trends in the scientific study of religion, spirituality, and health: 1965–2000. Journal of Religion and Health, 45(2), 208–214. doi:10.1007/s10943-006-9011-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-short form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of personality assessment, 88(2), 187–204. doi:10.1080/00223890701268041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, S. R. (n.d.) Attachment history guide. Unpublished training tool developed for ICEEFT externship training in Emotionally Focused Therapy.

  • Worthington, E. L., & Sandage, S. J. (2016). How attachment affects spirituality and why spiritual transformation may be needed to forgive. In E. L. Worthington & S. J. Sandage (Eds.), Forgiveness and spirituality in psychotherapy: A relational approach (pp. 61–77). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14712-004.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rachael A. Dansby.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Potential conflicts of interest include participants being approached regarding use of the assessment guide in treatment by their respective therapist, due to the sensitive nature of the guide and its original purpose being for treatment. After completing the assessment, the therapists asked their respective clients about participating in this research project via inclusion of a de-identified case example in the manuscript highlighting how and why the guide was used in their treatment.

Ethical Approval

This research involves human participants, and the primary and secondary authors have completed training on the ethical conduct of research with human participants through CITI and NIH.

Informed Consent

All participants were enrolled only after giving informed consent, which emphasized non-participation would in no way affect their relationships with their therapist, the Family Therapy Clinic, or Texas Tech University.

Additional information

This paper qualified for expedited review and has been approved by the Internal Review Board of Texas Tech University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dansby, R.A., Hayes, N.D. & Schleiden, C. A Guide for Assessing Clients’ Attachment to the Sacred: The Spiritual Attachment History. Contemp Fam Ther 39, 1–11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9402-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9402-5

Keywords

Navigation