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An analysis and evaluation of lightweight hash functions for blockchain-based IoT devices

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Abstract

Blockchain is among the most promising new technologies due to its unique features, encompassing security, privacy, data integrity, and immutability. Blockchain applications include cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Recently, many other applications have begun to deploy blockchain in their systems. These applications include internet of things (IoT) environments. Although deploying blockchain in IoT architecture has yielded numerous advantages, issues and challenges have arisen that require further research. Most IoT devices and platforms have limited storage capacity, low battery power, and limited hardware resources for computation and network communication. Thus, energy efficiency is a critical factor in these devices. On the other hand, blockchain requires extensive resources and high computational capabilities for mining and communication processes. Balancing computation complexity and IoT resources is a fundamental design challenge in implementing blockchain functions, including the hash function, which is crucial to blockchain design for the mining process. In this study, we present a literature review on the common hash functions used in blockchain-based applications, in addition to the lightweight hash functions available in literature. We evaluate and test the common lightweight hash functions (SPONGENT, PHOTON, and QUARK) on FPGA platforms to determine which is most suitable for blockchain-IoT devices. Moreover, we assess lightweight hash functions in terms of area, power, energy, security, and throughput. The results show tradeoffs between these hash functions. SPONGENT performs best on security and throughput. QUARK consumes the least power and energy but has the lowest security parameters. PHOTON utilizes less area and offers a balance between multiple performance metrics (area, energy, and security), rendering it the most suitable lightweight hash function.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The authors declare that the code is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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  1. Computer Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait

    Sa’ed Abed, Reem Jaffal & Mohammad Al-Shayeji

  2. Computer Engineering Department, College of Engineering, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan

    Bassam J. Mohd

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  1. Sa’ed Abed
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  2. Reem Jaffal
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SA proposed the methodology of the research, analysed and interpreted the results and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. RJ did the literature review, was a major contributor in the experimental results and in writing the manuscript. BJM revised the work, analysed and interpreted the results. MA revised the work and analysed the results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sa’ed Abed.

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Abed, S., Jaffal, R., Mohd, B.J. et al. An analysis and evaluation of lightweight hash functions for blockchain-based IoT devices. Cluster Comput 24, 3065–3084 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03324-1

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