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An integrated socio-environmental framework for glacier hazard management and climate change adaptation: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru

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Abstract

Glacier hazards threaten societies in mountain regions worldwide. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) pose risks to exposed and vulnerable populations and can be linked in part to long-term post-Little Ice Age climate change because precariously dammed glacial lakes sometimes formed as glaciers generally retreated after the mid-1800s. This paper provides an interdisciplinary and historical analysis of 40 years of glacier hazard management on Mount Hualcán, at glacial Lake 513, and in the city of Carhuaz in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca mountain range. The case study examines attempted hazard zoning, glacial lake evolution and monitoring, and emergency engineering projects to drain Lake 513. It also analyzes the 11 April 2010 Hualcán rock-ice avalanche that triggered a Lake 513 GLOF; we offer both a scientific assessment of the possible role of temperature on slope stability and a GIS spatial analysis of human impacts. Qualitative historical analysis of glacier hazard management since 1970 allows us to identify and explain why certain actions and policies to reduce risk were implemented or omitted. We extrapolate these case-specific variables to generate a broader socio-environmental framework identifying factors that can facilitate or impede disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Facilitating factors are technical capacity, disaster events with visible hazards, institutional support, committed individuals, and international involvement. Impediments include divergent risk perceptions, imposed government policies, institutional instability, knowledge disparities, and invisible hazards. This framework emerges from an empirical analysis of a coupled social-ecological system and offers a holistic approach for integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

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Acknowledgements

This article is based upon work supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants No. 0822983, DEB 1010550, and BCS 0752175, and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. We thank Christine Jurt and Stephen Evans for important contributions, Roosevelt Cerna, the mayor of Carhuaz, the local communities for sharing their time with the researchers, and the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrologia del Perú (SENAMHI) for meteorological data.

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  1. Robert D. Clark Honors College, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA

    Mark Carey

  2. Department of Geography, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland

    Christian Huggel & Wilfried Haeberli

  3. Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA

    Jeffrey Bury

  4. Unidad de Glaciología y Recursos Hídricos, Confraternidad Internacional Oeste #167, Huaraz, Peru

    César Portocarrero

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  1. Mark Carey
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  2. Christian Huggel
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  5. Wilfried Haeberli
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Correspondence to Mark Carey.

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Carey, M., Huggel, C., Bury, J. et al. An integrated socio-environmental framework for glacier hazard management and climate change adaptation: lessons from Lake 513, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Climatic Change 112, 733–767 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0249-8

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