Abstract
This study investigated the roles of parents’ and children’s emotion dysregulation in children’s display of internalizing and externalizing symptoms by incorporating person- and variable-centered approaches. Sixty-four children (ages 8–11) participated in this study with their mothers. Study variables were collected via multiple methods, including behavioral observation and questionnaire assessment from both parents’ and children’s perspectives. Using model-based cluster analysis, children’s profiles with regulating emotions were created by incorporating multiple measurements. Two profiles were identified and applied in a moderation model testing whether the combination of parents’ and children’s regulatory style influence child outcomes. Results showed that children’s emotion dysregulation profiles moderated the relationship between parental emotion dysregulation and child internalizing symptoms, with children who adopted more internalizing regulatory styles display more internalizing symptoms in the context of high parental emotion dysregulation. Implications for the measurement of emotion regulation in the family context, and future directions for intervention, are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thompson R (1994) Emotion regulation: a theme in search of a definition. Emotion regulation Biological and behavioral considerations. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 59:25–52
Eisenberg N, Morris AS (2002) Children’s emotion-related regulation. In: Kail R (ed) Advances in child and development and behavior. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 190–229
Cole PM, Martin SE, Dennis TD (2004) Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Dev 75:313–333
Calkins SD, Hill A (2007) Caregiver influences on emerging emotion regulation: biological and environmental transactions in early development. In: Gross JJ (ed) Handbook of emotion regulation. Guilford Press, New York, pp 229–248
Cole PM, Hall SE (2008) Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. In: Beauchaine TP, Hinshaw SP (eds) Child and adolescent psychopathology. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 265–298
Cole PM, Michel MK, Teti LO (1994) The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: a clinical perspective. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 59:73–100
Yap MBH, Allen NB, Sheeber L (2007) Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 10:180–196
Southam-Gerow MA, Kendall PC (2002) Emotion regulation and understanding implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clin Psychol Rev 22:189–222
Calkins SD, Keane SP (2009) Developmental origins of early antisocial behavior. Dev Psychopathol 21:1095–1109
Suveg C, Zeman J (2004) Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:750–759
Thompson R (1994) Emotion regulation: a theme in search of a definition. Emotion regulation Biological and behavioral considerations. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 59:25–52
Kopp C (1989) Regulation of distress and negative emotions: a developmental view. Dev Psychol 25:343–354
Zeman J, Cassano M, Perry-Parrish C, Stegall S (2006) Emotion regulation in children and adolescents. J Dev Behav Pediatr 27:155–168
Zalewski M, Lengua LJ, Wilson AC, Trancik A, Bazinet A (2011) Emotion regulation profiles, temperament, and adjustment problems in preadolescents. Child Dev 82:951–966
Silk JS, Steinberg L, Morris AS (2003) Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Dev 74:1869–1881
Klimes-Dougan B, Zeman J (2007) Introduction to the special issues of social development: emotion socialization in childhood and adolescence. Soc Dev 16:203–209
Maughan A, Cicchetti D (2002) Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children’s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev 73:1525–1542
Suveg C, Shaffer A, Morelen D, Thomassin K (2011) Links between maternal and child psychopathology symptoms: mediation through child emotion regulation and moderation through maternal behavior. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45:507–520
Chaplin T, Cole PM, Zahn-Waxler C (2005) Parental socialization of emotional expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion 5:80–88
Dix T (1991) The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psycho Bull 110:3–25
Garber J, Braafladt N, Zeman J (1991) The regulation of sad affect: an information-processing perspective. In: Garber J, Dodge KA (eds) The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 208–240
Silk JS, Shaw DS, Skuban EM, Olan AA, Kovacs M (2006) Emotion regulation strategies in offspring of childhood-onset depressed mothers. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:69–78
Bariola E, Gullone E, Hughes EK (2011) Child and adolescent emotion regulation: the role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 14:198–212
Ramsden SR, Hubbard JA (2002) Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: their role in children’s emotion regulation and aggression. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:657–667
Eisenberg N, Cumberland A, Spinrad TL, Fabes RA, Shepard SA, Reiser M et al (2001) The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Dev 72:1112–1134
Frick P, Morris AS (2004) Temperament and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 33:54–68
Silk JS, Steinberg L, Morris AS (2006) Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Dev 74:869–1880
Zalewski M, Lengua LJ, Wilson AC, Trancik A, Bazinet A (2011) Emotion regulation profiles, temperament, and adjustment problems in preadolescents. Child Dev 82:951–966
Smith M, Hubbard J, Laurenceau JP (2011) Profiles of anger control in second-grade children: examination of self-report, observation, and physiological component. J Exp Child Psychol 110:213–226
Morris A, Silk L, Steingberg L, Sessa FM, Avenevoli S, Essex MJ (2002) Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. J Marriage Fam 64:461–471
Morris AS, Silk J, Steinberg L, Myers SS, Robinson LR (2007) The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Soc Dev 16:361–388
Shields A, Cicchetti D (1997) Emotion regulation among school-age children: the development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Dev Psychol 33:906–916
Shields A, Cicchetti D, Ryan RM (1994) The development of emotional and behavioral self-regulation and social competence among maltreated school-age children. Dev Psychopathol 6:57–75
Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n.d.) Parent-child interactions coding manual. University of Minnesota: Unpublished manuscript
Zeman J, Shipman K, Penza-Clyve S (2001) Development and initial validation of the children’s sadness management scale. J Nonverbal Behav 25:187–205
Zeman J, Cassano M, Suveg C, Shipman K (2010) Initial validation of the worry management scale. J Child Fam Study 19:381–392
Shipman KL, Zeman JP, Champion K (2000) Emotion management in sexually maltreated and nonmaltreated girls: a developmental psychopathology perspective. Dev Psychopathol 12:47–62
Gratz KL, Roemer L (2004) Multidimensional assessment of emotion dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 26:41–54
Achenbach TM (1991) Manual for the child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA (2001) Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Burlington, VT
Fraley C, Raftery AE (2002) MCLUST: Software for model-based clustering, density estimation and discriminant analysis. Technical report No. 415, Department of Statistics, University of Washington
Hayes AF, Matthes J (2009) Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behav Res Methods 41:924–936
Mun EY, Windle M, Schainker LM (2008) A model-based cluster analysis approach to adolescent problem behaviors and young adult outcomes. Dev Psychopathol 20:291–318
Milligan G, Cooper M (1985) An examination of procedures for determining the number of clusters in a data set. Psychometrika 50:159–179
Raftery AE (1995) Bayesian model selection in social research. Socio Methodol 25:111–163
Achenbach TM, McConaughy SH, Howell CT (1987) Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychol Bull 101:213–232
Barker ET, Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Hendricks C, Suwalsky JTD (2007) Adolescent-mother agreement about adolescent problem behaviors: direction and predictors of disagreement. J Youth Adolescence 36:950–962
Eisenberg N, Losoya S, Fabes RA, Guthrie IK, Reiser M, Murphy B et al (2001) Parental socialization of children’s dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems. J Fam Psychol 15:183–205
Cole PM, Zahn-Waxler C, Fox NA, Usher BA, Welsh JD (1996) Individual differences in emotion regulation and behavior problems in preschool children. J Abnorm Psychol 105:518–529
Parke RD (1994) Progress, paradigms, and unresolved problems: a commentary on recent advances in our understanding of children’s emotions. Merrill Palmer Q 40:157–169
Gottman JM, Katz LF, Hooven C (1996) Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. J Fam Psychol 10:243–268
Cummings EM, Davies P (1994) Children and marital conflict: the impact of family dispute and resolution. Guilford, New York
Hill AL, Degnan KA, Calkins SD, Keane SP (2006) Profiles of externalizing behavior problems for boys and girls across preschool: the roles of emotion regulation and inattention. Dev Psychol 42:913–928
Maughan A, Cicchetti D, Toth SL, Rogosch FA (2007) Early-occuring maternal depression and maternal negativity in predicting young children’s emotion regulation and socioemotional difficulties. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:685–703
Havighurst SS, Wilson KR, Harley AE, Prior KR (2009) Tuning into kids: an emotion-focused parenting program—initial findings from a community trial. J Community Psychol 37:1008–1023
Shipman K and Fitzgerald MM (2005). A family focused emotion communication training: intervention manual. Unpublished manual
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Han, Z.R., Shaffer, A. The Relation of Parental Emotion Dysregulation to Children’s Psychopathology Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Child Emotion Dysregulation. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44, 591–601 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0353-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0353-7