Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Relationship Between Parents’ and Children’s Automatic Thoughts in a College Student Sample

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Research demonstrates the importance of early social interactions in the development of schemas and automatic thoughts. It does not appear, however, that the existing research examines intergenerational correlations in automatic thoughts. As a result, this study explores the relationship between the automatic thoughts of parents and those of their college-age children in a sample of 252 college students and their mothers and fathers. Results of this study suggest that there are significant relationships between parents’ and college students’ positive automatic thoughts. Different trends by gender also are noted in the relationships among variables for male and female college students with their mothers and fathers. Further, mothers’ positive ATs predicted the positive ATs of their college students, with mothers’ ratings of their own communication with their college students mediating partially this relationship. Finally, college students’ anxiety and self-esteem is predicted significantly by their mothers’ anxiety and self-esteem (respectively) as well as their own positive and negative ATs. These findings suggest the possibility that ATs play a role in the intergenerational transmission of certain domains of psychological functioning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dush DM, Hirt ML, Schroeder H (1983) Self-statement modification with adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 94:408–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Muris P, Merckelbach H, Mayer B, Snieder N (1998) The relationship between anxiety disorder symptoms and negative self-statements in normal children. Soc Behav Pers 26:307–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Beck JS (1997) Cognitive therapy: basics and beyond. Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  5. Calvete E, Connor-Smith JK (2005) Automatic thoughts and psychological symptoms: a cross-cultural comparison of American and Spanish students. Cogn Ther Res 29:201–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Beck AT, Brown G, Steer RA, Eidelson JI, Riskind JH (1987) Differentiating anxiety and depression: a test of the cognitive content-specificity hypothesis. J Abnorm Psychol 96:179–183

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kendall PC, Howard BL, Hays RC (1989) Self-referent speech and psychopathology: the balance of positive and negative thinking. Cogn Ther Res 13:583–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Szentagotai A, Freeman A (2007) An analysis of the relationship between irrational beliefs and automatic thoughts in predicting distress. J Cogn Behav Psychother 7:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  9. Heavey CL, Hurlburt RT (2008) The phenomena of inner experience. Conscious Cogn 17:798–810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kopala-Sibley DC, Santor DA (2009) The mediating role of automatic thoughts in the personality-event-affect relationship. Cogn Behav Ther 38:153–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kwon SM, Oei TPS (2003) Cognitive change processes in a group cognitive behaviour therapy of depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 3:73–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Oei TPS, Bullbeck K, Campbell JM (2006) Cognitive change process during group cognitive behaviour therapy for depression. J Affect Disord 92:231–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kamann MP, Wong BY (1993) Inducing adaptive coping self-statements in children with learning disabilities through self-instruction training. J Learn Disabil 26:630–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lidstone JSM, Meins E, Fernyhough C (2010) The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: evidence from a dual task paradigm. J Exp Child Psychol 107:438–451

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Muris P, Mayer B, den Adel M, Roos T, van Wamelen J (2009) Predictors of change following cognitive-behavioral treatment of children with anxiety problems: a preliminary investigation on negative automatic thoughts and anxiety control. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 40:139–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dush DM, Hirt ML, Schroeder H (1989) Self-statement modification in the treatment of child behavior disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 106:97–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Clowes R (2007) A self-regulation model of inner speech and its role in the organisation of human conscious experience. J Conscious Stud 14:59–71

    Google Scholar 

  18. Vygotsky LS (1962) Thought and language (trans: Hanfmann E, Vakar G (eds)). MIT Press, Cambridge

  19. Johnson JR (1994) Intrapersonal spoken language: an attribute of extrapersonal competency. In: Vocate DR (ed) Intrapersonal communication: different voices, different minds. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 169–192

    Google Scholar 

  20. Berk LE, Garvin RA (1984) Development of private speech among low-income Appalachian children. Dev Psychol 20:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kohlberg L, Yaeger J, Hjertholm E (1968) Private speech: four studies and a review of theories. Child Dev 39:691–736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Diaz RM, Berk LE (1992) Private speech: from social interaction to self-regulation. Lawrence Erlbaum, HillsdaleNJ

    Google Scholar 

  23. Winsler A (2009) Still talking to ourselves after all these years: a review of current research on private speech. In: Winsler A, Fernyhough C, Montero I (eds) Private speech, executive functioning, and the development of verbal self-regulation. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 3–41

    Google Scholar 

  24. Morin A (2005) Possible links between self-awareness and inner speech. J Conscious Stud 12:115–134

    Google Scholar 

  25. Beth P (1999) Childhood and adolescent abuse history, fear of negative evaluation, and social interaction self-statements: a correlational analysis. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 16:47–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Burnett PC (1996) Children’s self-talk and significant others’ positive and negative statements. Educ Psychol 16:57–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Burnett PC, McCrindle AR (1999) The relationship between significant others’ positive and negative statements, self-talk and self-esteem. Child Study J 29:39–48

    Google Scholar 

  28. McKinney C, Renk K (2008) Multivariate models of parent-late adolescent gender dyads: the importance of parenting processes in predicting adjustment. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 39:147–170

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kanter Agliata A, Renk K (2008) College students’ adjustment: the role of parent-college student expectation discrepancies and communication reciprocity. J Youth Adolesc 37:967–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kanter Agliata A, Renk K (2009) College students’ affective distress: the role of parent-college student expectation discrepancies and communication. J Child Fam Stud 18:396–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. McClure EB, Brennan PA, Hammen C, Le Brocque RM (2001) Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent-child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol 29:1–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Weissman M, Jensen P (2002) What research suggests for depressed women with children. J Clin Psychiatry 63:641–647

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Burnett PC (1994) Self-talk in upper elementary school children: its relationship with irrational beliefs, self-esteem, and depression. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther 12:181–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fourth edition-Text revision). Author, Washington

    Book  Google Scholar 

  35. Liu Y (2003) Parent-child interaction and children’s depression: the relationships between parent–child interaction and children’s depressive symptoms in Taiwan. J Adolesc 26:447–457

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ackard DM, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M (2006) Parent-child connectedness and behavioral and emotional health among adolescents. Am J Prev Med 30:59–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McCleary L, Sanford M (2002) Parental expressed emotion in depressed adolescents: prediction of clinical course and relationship to comorbid disorders and social functioning. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:587–595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Berk LE (1986) Development of private speech among preschool children. Early Child Dev Care 24:113–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Arnett JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teen through the twenties. Am Psychol 55:469–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Dyson R, Renk K (2006) Freshmen adaptation to university life: depressive symptoms, stress, and coping. J Clin Psychol 62:1231–1244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hollon SD, Kendall PC (1980) Cognitive self-statements in depression: development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cogn Ther Res 4:383–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Taylor JA (1953) A personality scale of manifest anxiety. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 48:285–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) Beck depression inventory manual, 2nd edn. Harcourt Brace and Company, San Antonio

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rosenberg M (1965) Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  45. Blascovich J, Tomaka J (1991) Measures of self-esteem. In: Robinson JP, Shaver PR, Wrightsman LS (eds) Measures of personality and social psychology attitudes. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 115–160

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wylie R (1989) Measures of self-concept. Burrows Institute of Mental Measures, Lincoln

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gerard AB (1994) Parent–child relationship inventory (PCRI): manual. Western Psychological Society, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  48. Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 57:1173–1182

    Google Scholar 

  49. Dobson KS, Shaw BF (1986) Cognitive assessment with major depressive disorders. Cogn Ther Res 10:13–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. de Graaf R, Bijl RV, Smit F (2002) Risk factors for 12-month comorbidity of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study. Am J Psychiatry 159:620–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mizell CA (1999) Life course influences on African American men’s depression: adolescent parental composition, self-concept, and adult earnings. J Black Stud 29:467–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kimberly Renk.

Additional information

This manuscript is based on the Master’s Thesis of the first author under the direction of the second author. The remaining authors provided thoughtful and critical feedback as part of the committee for this project.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Donnelly, R., Renk, K., Sims, V.K. et al. The Relationship Between Parents’ and Children’s Automatic Thoughts in a College Student Sample. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42, 197–218 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0210-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0210-5

Keywords

Navigation