Abstract
Plant extracts, polysaccharides and proteins have been used in pharmacological and biomedical applications due to their biochemical properties. Moreover, recent studies showed that structural organization and surface topographies of plants can also be advantageous for tissue engineering applications. The diversity of surface patterns, interconnected pore structure and native vasculature of plants make them promising alternatives as tissue mimicking biomaterials to repair and regenerate damaged tissues. To design biocompatible tissue scaffolds and biomaterials from plants, decellularization came into prominence, which can be described as removal of the nuclear material from plant tissues while keeping the cellulose-based cell wall as three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. This review is focused on the decellularization procedures of plants and biotechnological and biomedical applications of decellularized plants based on their structural properties. In addition, advances in this field such as state-of-the-art applications of decellularized plants and the comparison between native and decellularized plants are discussed. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of plant-based biomaterials especially the aspects that have still not been completely understood, such as mechanical stability, degradation profile and reproducibility are indicated as future perspective. Plants have a great potential to serve as biomaterials and scaffolds in tissue engineering but further studies are necessary to investigate the standardization of obtained plant-derived scaffolds and their in vivo biocompatibility and biodegradation.
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© 2021 American Chemical Society. B Proof-of-concept biosensor design by integrating decellularized spinach leaves with stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer to control the shape of the material with external stimulus. Reproduced with permission from (Zhao et al. 2022) Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society. C) Main steps of lab-grown meat production. Isolation of muscle cells from animal, decellularization of broccoli florets, combining them in a reactor with dynamic conditions, growth of cells on decellularized broccoli to harvest meat. Reproduced from (Thyden et al. 2022)
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Acknowledgments
M.T.B., B.E., and B.A. would like to thank to and acknowledge the support of Turkish Council of Higher Education (YÖK, Türkiye) 100/2000 National Ph.D. Fellowship program. B.A. also thanks to and acknowledges the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Türkiye) 2211-A Fellowship Program. The authors would like to thank Joanne Anderson for the language editing and support to the Biomimetics and Bioinspired Biomaterials Research Laboratory.
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This study was partially supported by Boğaziçi University Research Fund by Grant Number 6701.
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Toker-Bayraktar, M., Erenay, B., Altun, B. et al. Plant-derived biomaterials and scaffolds. Cellulose 30, 2731–2751 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05078-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05078-y