Abstract
Cellulose fibers have gained considerable interest for use as gas barriers and reinforcing fillers in food packaging materials because of their interesting properties, including biodegradability, low density, nontoxicity, and low cost. Although modifications of cellulose nanomaterials for reinforcing applications have been reviewed in the literature, they suffer from a lack of comparative results, and the modifications related to food packaging applications have not been covered yet. This study reviews physical and chemical methods used to improve oxygen and water barrier properties, water uptake, mechanical strength, and transparency of different food packaging films of cellulose nanomaterials, and provides comparative results. Heat treatment, esterification, and TEMPO-mediated and periodate oxidation are the most common methods used to improve the barrier properties of free-standing, bilayer, and composite films prepared from cellulose nanomaterials. Modification using silane compounds is a well-established method for improving the mechanical properties of cellulose fibers and polymer composite films.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelmouleh M, Boufi S, Belgacem MN, Dufresne A (2007) Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading. Compos Sci Technol 67:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.003
Abushammala H, Mao J (2019) A review of the surface modification of cellulose and nanocellulose using aliphatic and aromatic mono-and di-isocyanates. Molecules 24:2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152782
Abu-Thabit NY, Judeh AA, Hakeem AS, Ul-Hamid A, Umar Y, Ahmad A (2020) Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int J Biol Macromol 155:730–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.255
Ahmadi M, Behzad T, Bagheri R (2017) Reinforcement effect of poly (methyl methacrylate)-g-cellulose nanofibers on LDPE/thermoplastic starch composites: preparation and characterization. Iran Polym J 26:733–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-017-0558-5
Ambrosio-Martín J, Fabra MJ, Lopez-Rubio A, Lagaron JM (2015) Melt polycondensation to improve the dispersion of bacterial cellulose into polylactide via melt compounding: enhanced barrier and mechanical properties. Cellulose 22:1201–1226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0523-9
Anžlovar A, Kunaver M, Krajnc A, Žagar E (2018) Nanocomposites of LLDPE and surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals prepared by melt processing. Molecules 23:1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071782
Arrieta MP, Fortunati E, Dominici F, Rayón E, López J, Kenny JM (2014) PLA-PHB/cellulose based films: mechanical, barrier and disintegration properties. Polym Degrad Stabil 107:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.010
Arrieta MP, Peltzer MA, López J, Peponi L (2017) PLA-based nanocomposites reinforced with CNC for food packaging applications: From synthesis to biodegradation. Industrial applications of renewable biomass products. Springer, Cham, pp 265–300
Azeredo HMC, Rosa MF, Mattoso LHC (2017) Nanocellulose in bio-based food packaging applications. Ind Crop Prod 97:664–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.013
Bach QV, Vu CM (2020) Bacterial cellulose filled epoxy resin-based green composites: fabrication and characterization. Compos Interfaces 27:645–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2019.1680205
Ben Azouz K, Ramires EC, Van den Fonteyne W, El Kissi N, Dufresne A (2012) Simple method for the melt extrusion of a cellulose nanocrystal reinforced hydrophobic polymer. ACS Macro Lett 1(1):236–240. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz2001737
Brochier Salon MC, Abdelmouleh M, Boufi S, Belgacem MN, Gandini A (2005) Silane adsorption onto cellulose fibers: Hydrolysis and condensation reactions. J Colloid Interf Sci 289(1):249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.03.070
Calvino C, Macke N, Kato R, Rowan SJ (2020) Development, processing and applications of bio-sourced cellulose nanocrystal composites. Prog Polym Sci 103:101221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101221
Cao Y, Sakamoto S, Goda K (2007) Effects of heat and alkali treatments on mechanical properties of kenaf fibers. In: 16th International Conference on Composite Materials, pp. 8–13
César NR, de Menezes AJ, Botaro VR (2019) Nanocomposite of cellulose acetate reinforced with nanocrystals modified chemically: Modification with bifunctional reagent. Polym Composite 40:E321–E332. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24660
Chuayplod P, Aht-Ong D (2018) Mechanochemical-assisted heterogeneous surface modification of parawood microcrystalline cellulose and its effect on the properties of polypropylene composites. World J Eng 15:719–730. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-03-2017-0056
De Menezes AJ, Siqueira G, Curvelo AAS, Dufresne A (2009) Extrusion and characterization of functionalized cellulose whiskers reinforced polyethylene nanocomposites. Polymer 50:4552–4563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.038
Demir H, Atikler U, Balköse D, Tıhmınlıoğlu F (2006) The effect of fiber surface treatments on the tensile and water sorption properties of polypropylene–luffa fiber composites. Compos Part A- Appl S 37(3):447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.05.036
Dufresne A (2017) Cellulose nanomaterial reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Curr Opin Colloid In 29:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2017.01.004
Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Ducruet V, Guinault A, Dufresne A, Domenek S (2013) Influence of chemical surface modification of cellulose nanowhiskers on thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of poly (lactide) based bionanocomposites. Eur Polym J 49:3144–3154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.07.017
Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Almeida G, Plessis C, Belgacem N, Perré P, Domenek S (2018) Designed cellulose nanocrystal surface properties for improving barrier properties in polylactide nanocomposites. Carbohy Polym 183:267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.005
Eyley S, Thielemans W (2014) Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals. Nanoscale 6:7764–7779. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01756K
Fang H, Chen X, Wang S, Cheng S, Ding Y (2019) Enhanced mechanical and oxygen barrier performance in biodegradable polyurethanes by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals with interfacial polylactide stereocomplexation. Cellulose 26:9751–9764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02742-0
Ferreira FV, Trindade GN, Lona LMF, Bernardes JS, Gouveia RF (2019) LDPE-based composites reinforced with surface modified cellulose fibres: 3D morphological and morphometrical analyses to understand the improved mechanical performance. Eur Polym J 117:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.005
Ferrer A, Pal L, Hubbe M (2017) Nanocellulose in packaging: Advances in barrier layer technologies. Ind Crop Pro 95:574–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.012
Fortunati E, Peltzer M, Armentano I, Torre L, Jiménez A, Kenny JM (2012) Effects of modified cellulose nanocrystals on the barrier and migration properties of PLA nano-biocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 90:948–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.025
Habibi Y (2014) Key advances in the chemical modification of nanocelluloses. Chem Soc Rev 43:1519–1542. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60204D
Haque MM, Islam MS, Islam MN (2012) Preparation and characterization of polypropylene composites reinforced with chemically treated coir. J Polym Res 19:9847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-012-9847-z
He L, Li W, Chen D, Zhou D, Lu G, Yuan J (2015) Effects of amino silicone oil modification on properties of ramie fiber and ramie fiber/polypropylene composites. Mater Design 77:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.03.051
Herrera MA, Mathew AP, Oksman K (2017) Barrier and mechanical properties of plasticized and cross-linked nanocellulose coatings for paper packaging applications. Cellulose 24:3969–3980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1405-8
Hubbe MA, Ferrer A, Tyagi P, Yin Y, Salas C, Pal L, Rojas OJ (2017) Nanocellulose in thin films, coatings, and plies for packaging applications: a review. BioResources 12:2143–2233
Ichimura H, Kurokawa N, Hotta A (2019) Enhancement of the mechanical property of poly (ε-caprolactone) composites with surface-modified cellulose nanofibers fabricated via electrospinning. MRS Adv 4:385–391. https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.4
Inukai S, Kurokawa N, Hotta A (2020) Mechanical properties of poly (ε-caprolactone) composites with electrospun cellulose nanofibers surface modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. J App Poly Sci 137:48599. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48599
Islam MS, Chen L, Sisler J, Tam KC (2018) Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)–inorganic hybrid systems: synthesis, properties and applications. J Mate Chem B 6:864–883. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB03016A
Jamaluddin N, Kanno T, Asoh TA, Uyama H (2019) Surface modification of cellulose nanofiber using acid anhydride for poly (lactic acid) reinforcement. Mater Today Comm 21:100587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100587
Kahavita K, Samarasekara A, Amarasinghe DAS, Karunanayake L (2019) Influence of surface modification of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as the reinforcement of polypropylene based composite. In: 2019 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon), pp. 99–104.
Kalia S, Thakur K, Celli A, Kiechel MA, Schauer CL (2013) Surface modification of plant fibers using environment friendly methods for their application in polymer composites, textile industry and antimicrobial activities: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 1:97–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.04.009
Kargarzadeh H, Mariano M, Gopakumar D, Ahmad I, Thomas S, Dufresne A, Huang J, Lin N (2018) Advances in cellulose nanomaterials. Cellulose 25(4):2151–2189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1723-5
Khan RA, Beck S, Dussault D, Salmieri S, Bouchard J, Lacroix M (2013) Mechanical and barrier properties of nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced poly (caprolactone) composites: Effect of gamma radiation. J Appl Polym Sci 129:3038–3046. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38896
Kim JT, Netravali AN (2010) Mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties of green composites with ramie fiber and soy resins. J Agr Food Chem 58:5400–5407. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100317y
Kim JT, Netravali AN (2010) Mercerization of sisal fibers: Effect of tension on mechanical properties of sisal fiber and fiber-reinforced composites. Compos Part A- Appl S 41:1245–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.05.007
Kim JT, Netravali AN (2011) Development of aligned-hemp yarn-reinforced green composites with soy protein resin: Effect of pH on mechanical and interfacial properties. Compos Sci Technol 71:541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.01.004
Lai C, Zhang S, Chen X, Sheng L (2014) Nanocomposite films based on TEMPO-mediated oxidized bacterial cellulose and chitosan. Cellulose 21:2757–2772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0330-3
Lal SS, Mhaske ST (2019) TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber/kafirin protein thin film crosslinked by Maillard reaction. Cellulose 26:6099–6118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02509-7
Larsson PA, Kochumalayil JJ, Wågberg L (2013) Oxygen and water vapour barrier films with low moisture sensitivity fabricated from self-cross-linking fibrillated cellulose. In: 15th Fundamental Research Symposium: Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, pp.851–866.
Le Gars M, Bras J, Salmi-Mani H, Ji M, Dragoe D, Faraj H, Domenek S, Belgacem N, Roger P (2020) Polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate from the surface of cellulose nanocrystals for the elaboration of PLA-based nanocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 234:115899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115899
Le HS, Vu CM, Pham LT, Choi HJ (2018) Preparation and physical characteristics of epoxy resin/ bacterial cellulose biocomposites. Polym Bull 75:2607–2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2162-4
Lee H, Sundaram J, Mani S (2017) Production of cellulose nanofibrils and their application to food: a review. Nanotechnology. Springer, Singapore, pp 1–33
Lepetit A, Drolet R, Tolnai B, Montplaisir D, Lucas R, Zerrouki R (2017) Microfibrillated cellulose with sizing for reinforcing composites with LDPE. Cellulose 24:4303–4312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1429-0
Lepetit A, Drolet R, Tolnai B, Montplaisir D, Zerrouki R (2017) Alkylation of microfibrillated cellulose–a green and efficient method for use in fiber-reinforced composites. Polymer 126:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.024
Li MC, Mei C, Xu X, Lee S, Wu Q (2016) Cationic surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals: Toward tailoring dispersion and interface in carboxymethyl cellulose films. Polymer 107:200–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.11.022
Li W, Wang S, Wang W, Qin C, Wu M (2019) Facile preparation of reactive hydrophobic cellulose nanofibril film for reducing water vapor permeability (WVP) in packaging applications. Cellulose 26:3271–3284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02270-x
Liu S, Chen Y, Liu C, Gan L, Ma X, Huang J (2019) Polydopamine-coated cellulose nanocrystals as an active ingredient in poly (vinyl alcohol) films towards intensifying packaging application potential. Cellulose 26:9599–9612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02749-7
Lopattananon N, Jitkalong D, Seadan M (2011) Hybridized reinforcement of natural rubber with silane-modified short cellulose fibers and silica. J Appl Polym Sci 120(6):3242–3254. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.33374
Lu P, Guo M, Xu Z, Wu M (2018) Application of nanofibrillated cellulose on BOPP/LDPE film as oxygen barrier and antimicrobial coating based on cold plasma treatment. Coatings 8:207. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8060207
Ma Y, Qian S, Hu L, Qian J, Fontanillo Lopez CA, Xu L (2019) Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of PLA biocomposites toughened with silylated bamboo cellulose nanowhiskers. Polym Compos 40:3012–3019. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25144
Martínez-Sanz M, Abdelwahab MA, Lopez-Rubio A, Lagaron JM, Chiellini E, Williams TG, Wood DF, Orts WJ, Imam SH (2013) Incorporation of poly (glycidylmethacrylate) grafted bacterial cellulose nanowhiskers in poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites: Improved barrier and mechanical properties. Eur Polym J 49:2062–2072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.035
Meriçer Ç, Minelli M, De Angelis MG, Baschetti MG, Stancampiano A, Laurita R, Gherardi M, Colombo V, Trifol J, Szabo P (2016) Atmospheric plasma assisted PLA/microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) multilayer biocomposite for sustainable barrier application. Ind Crop Prod 93:235–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.020
Mishra S, Misra M, Tripathy SS, Nayak SK, Mohanty AK (2001) Potentiality of pineapple leaf fibre as reinforcement in PALF-polyester composite: Surface modification and mechanical performance. J Reinf Plast Comp 20(4):321–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168401772678779
Mohit H, Arul Mozhi Selvan V (2018) A comprehensive review on surface modification, structure interface and bonding mechanism of plant cellulose fiber reinforced polymer based composites. Compos Interfaces 25(5–7):629–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2018.1444832
Nguyen DD, Vu CM, Vu HT, Choi HJ (2019) Micron-size white bamboo fibril-based silane cellulose aerogel: fabrication and oil absorbent characteristics. Materials (Basel) 12:1407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091407
Penjumras P, AbdulRahman R, Talib RA, Abdan K (2016) Effect of silane coupling agent on properties of biocomposites based on poly (lactic acid) and durian rind cellulose. IOP Conf Series: Mater Sci Eng 13:012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/137/1/012006
Pereira ALS, do Nascimento DM, de Souza Filho MM, Morais JPS, Vasconcelos NF, Feitosa JPA, Brígida AIS, de Rosa MF (2014) Improvement of polyvinyl alcohol properties by adding nanocrystalline cellulose isolated from banana pseudostems. Carbohyd Polym 112:165–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.090
Pereira PHF, Rosa MDF, Cioffi MOH, Benini KCCDC, Milanese AC, Voorwald HJC, Mulinari DR (2015) Vegetal fibers in polymeric composites: a review. Polímeros 25:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1722
Pinheiro IF, Ferreira FV, Souza DHS, Gouveia RF, Lona LMF, Morales AR, Mei LHI (2017) Mechanical, rheological and degradation properties of PBAT nanocomposites reinforced by functionalized cellulose nanocrystals. Eur Polym J 97:356–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.026
Plappert SF, Quraishi S, Pircher N, Mikkonen KS, Veigel S, Klinger KM, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Liebner FW (2018) Transparent, flexible, and strong 2, 3-dialdehyde cellulose films with high oxygen barrier properties. Biomacromolecules 19:2969–2978. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00536
Qasim U, Osman AI, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Farrell C, Al-Abri M, Ali M, Vo DVN, Jamil F, Rooney DW (2020) Renewable cellulosic nanocomposites for food packaging to avoid fossil fuel plastic pollution: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01090-x
Ragoubi M, Bienaimé D, Molina S, George B, Merlin A (2010) Impact of corona treated hemp fibres onto mechanical properties of polypropylene composites made thereof. Ind Crop Prod 31:344–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.12.004
Ragoubi M, George B, Molina S, Bienaimé D, Merlin A, Hive JM, Dahoun A (2012) Effect of corona discharge treatment on mechanical and thermal properties of composites based on miscanthus fibres and polylactic acid or polypropylene matrix. Compos Part A- Appl S 43:675–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.12.025
Rodionova G, Saito T, Lenes M, Eriksen Ø, Gregersen Ø, Fukuzumi H, Isogai A (2012) Mechanical and oxygen barrier properties of films prepared from fibrillated dispersions of TEMPO-oxidized Norway spruce and Eucalyptus pulps. Cellulose 19:705–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-012-9664-x
Rout J, Tripathy SS, Misra M, Mohanty AK, Nayak SK (2001) The influence of fiber surface modification on the mechanical properties of coir-polyester composites. Polym Compos 22:468–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.10552
Saallah S, Misson M, Siddiquee S, Roslan J, Naim MN, Bakar NFA, Lenggoro IW (2020) Nanocellulose and nanocellulose-based composites for food applications. Composite materials: applications in engineering, biomedicine and food science. Springer, Cham, pp 369–385
Saedi S, Madaeni SS, Seidi F, Shamsabadi AA, Laki S (2014) Fixed facilitated transport of CO2 through integrally-skinned asymmetric polyethersulfone membrane using a novel synthesized Poly (acrylonitrile-co-N, N-Dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide). Chem Eng J 236:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.092
Sain MM, Kokta BV, Maldas D (1993) Effect of reactive additives on the performance of cellulose fiber-filled polypropylene composites. J Adhes Sci Technol 7:49–61. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856193X00196
Saito T, Isogai A (2006) Introduction of aldehyde groups on surfaces of native cellulose fibers by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Coll Surf A 289:219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.04.038
Sarikanat M, Seki Y, Sever K, Bozaci E, Demir A, Ozdogan E (2016) The effect of argon and air plasma treatment of flax fiber on mechanical properties of reinforced polyester composite. J Ind Text 45:1252–1267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083714557057
Sato A, Yoshimura T, Kabusaki D, Okumura H, Homma Y, Nakatsubo F, Yano H (2019) Multi-functional effect of alkenyl-succinic-anhydride-modified microfibrillated celluloses as reinforcement and a dispersant of CaCO3 in high-density polyethylene. Cellulose 26:6641–6651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02544-4
Sehaqui H, Zimmermann T, Tingaut P (2014) Hydrophobic cellulose nanopaper through a mild esterification procedure. Cellulose 21:367–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0110-5
Selulosa-Polivinilklorida SRN, Sheltami RM, Kargarzadeh H, Abdullah I (2015) Effects of silane surface treatment of cellulose nanocrystals on the tensile properties of cellulose-polyvinyl chloride nanocomposite. Sains Malays 44(6):801–810. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4406-05
Seo YR, Kim JW, Hoon S, Kim J, Chung JH, Lim KT (2018) Cellulose-based nanocrystals: sources and applications via agricultural byproducts. J Biosyst Eng 43(1):59–71. https://doi.org/10.5307/JBE.2018.43.1.059
Sharma S, Zhang X, Nair SS, Ragauskas A, Zhu J, Deng Y (2014) Thermally enhanced high performance cellulose nano fibril barrier membranes. RSC Adv 4:45136–45142. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA07469F
Shojaeiarani J, Bajwa DS, Hartman K (2019) Esterified cellulose nanocrystals as reinforcement in poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites. Cellulose 26:2349–2362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-02237-4
Sirviö JA, Kolehmainen A, Visanko M, Liimatainen H, Niinimäki J, Hormi OEO (2014) Strong, self-standing oxygen barrier films from nanocelluloses modified with regioselective oxidative treatments. ACS Appl Mater Inter 6:14384–14390. https://doi.org/10.1021/am503659j
Somord K, Somord K, Suwantong O, Thanomsilp C, Peijs T, Soykeabkaew N (2018) Self-reinforced poly (lactic acid) nanocomposites with integrated bacterial cellulose and its surface modification. Nanocomposites 4:102–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/20550324.2018.1532671
Song Z, Xiao H, Zhao Y (2014) Hydrophobic-modified nano-cellulose fiber/PLA biodegradable composites for lowering water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper. Carbohyd Polym 111:442–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.049
Sreekumar PA, Thomas SP, Saiter JM, Joseph K, Unnikrishnan G, Thomas S (2009) Effect of fiber surface modification on the mechanical and water absorption characteristics of sisal/polyester composites fabricated by resin transfer molding. Compos Part A- Appl S 40:1777–1784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.08.013
Tayeb AH, Amini E, Ghasemi S, Tajvidi M (2018) Cellulose nanomaterials-binding properties and applications: a review. Molecules 23:2684. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102684
Thakur MK, Gupta RK, Thakur VK (2014) Surface modification of cellulose using silane coupling agent. Carbohyd Polym 111:849–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.041
Threepopnatkul P, Kaerkitcha N, Athipongarporn N (2009) Effect of surface treatment on performance of pineapple leaf fiber–polycarbonate composites. Compos Part B- Eng 40:628–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.008
Tomé LC, Brandao L, Mendes AM, Silvestre AJD, Neto CP, Gandini A, Freire CSR, Marrucho IM (2010) Preparation and characterization of bacterial cellulose membranes with tailored surface and barrier properties. Cellulose 17:1203–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-010-9457-z
Trache D, Hussin MH, Chuin CTH, Sabar S, Fazita MRN, Taiwo OFA, Hassan TM, Haafiz MKM (2016) Microcrystalline cellulose: isolation, characterization and bio-composites application—a review. Int J Biol Macromol 93:789–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.056
Vilarinho F, Sanches Silva A, Vaz MF, Farinha JP (2018) Nanocellulose in green food packaging. Crit Rev Food Sci 58:1526–1537. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1270254
Virtanen S, Vuoti S, Heikkinen H, Lahtinen P (2014) High strength modified nanofibrillated cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol films. Cellulose 21:3561–3571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0347-7
Visanko M, Liimatainen H, Sirviö JA, Mikkonen KS, Tenkanen M, Sliz R, Hormi O, Niinimäki J (2015) Butylamino-functionalized cellulose nanocrystal films: barrier properties and mechanical strength. RSC Adv 5(20):15140–15146. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA15445B
Vu CM, Sinh LH, Nguyen DD et al (2018) Simultaneous improvement of the fracture toughness and mechanical characteristics of amine-functionalized nano/micro glass fibril-reinforced epoxy resin. Polym Test 71:200–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.09.005
Wang J, Gardner DJ, Stark NM, Bousfield DW, Tajvidi M, Cai Z (2018) Moisture and oxygen barrier properties of cellulose nanomaterial-based films. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6(1):49–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03523
Wang L, Chen C, Wang J, Gardner DJ, Tajvidi M (2020) Cellulose nanofibrils versus cellulose nanocrystals: Comparison of performance in flexible multilayer films for packaging applications. Food Package Shelf Life 23:100464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100464
Xia J, Zhang Z, Liu W, Li VCF, Cao Y, Zhang W, Deng Y (2018) Highly transparent 100% cellulose nanofibril films with extremely high oxygen barriers in high relative humidity. Cellulose 25:4057–4066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1843-y
Xu K, Li K, Tu D, Zhong T, Xie C (2014) Reinforcement on the mechanical, thermal, and water-resistance properties of the wood flour/chitosan/poly(vinyl chloride) composites by physical and chemical modification. J App Polym Sci 131:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40757
Yano H, Omura H, Honma Y, Okumura H, Sano H, Nakatsubo F (2018) Designing cellulose nanofiber surface for high density polyethylene reinforcement. Cellulose 25:3351–3362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1787-2
Yin Y, Zhao L, Jiang X, Wang H, Gao W (2017) Poly (lactic acid)-based biocomposites reinforced with modified cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose 24:4773–4784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1455-y
Yu H, Yan C, Yao J (2014) Fully biodegradable food packaging materials based on functionalized cellulose nanocrystals/poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanocomposites. RSC Adv 4:59792–59802. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12691B
Zaman HU, Khan MA, Khan RA (2009) Improvement of mechanical properties of jute fibers-polyethylene/polypropylene composites: effect of green dye and UV radiation. Polym-Plast Technol 48:1130–1138. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602550903147262
Zaman HU, Khan MA, Khan RA, Mollah MZI, Pervin S, Al-Mamun MD (2010) A comparative study between gamma and UV radiation of jute fabrics/polypropylene composites: effect of starch. J Reinf Plast Comp 29:1930–1939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684409343325
Zhang Z, Cai S, Li Y, Wang Z, Long Y, Yu T, Shen Y (2020) High performances of plant fiber reinforced composites—a new insight from hierarchical microstructures. Compos Sci Technol 194:108151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108151
Funding
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2019R1A4A1026423) and the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1A2C1012170).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
No animal or human studies were carried out by the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saedi, S., Garcia, C.V., Kim, J.T. et al. Physical and chemical modifications of cellulose fibers for food packaging applications. Cellulose 28, 8877–8897 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04086-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04086-0