Abstract
Poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane (PMHS) was applied for hydrophobic modification of bamboo flour (BF) at room temperature based on the dehydrogenation between hydroxyl groups of BF and –Si–H of PMHS, and the effect of PMHS modification on mechanical properties of BF/HDPE (high-density polyethylene) (BF/HDPE) composites was investigated. It was found that the hydrophobicity of BF were significantly improved by PMHS modification, and the mechanical properties of BF/HDPE composites could be adjusted effectively. PMHS with reactive hydrogen content of 1.5 % was the best candidate modifier for improving the strength of BF/HDPE, while PMHS with reactive hydrogen content of 0.2 % is more suitable to improve the toughness of BF/HDPE. More importantly, with optimal weight ratio of PMHS to BF, the strength and toughness of BF/HDPE could be improved simultaneously. After a systematic discussion on the results of FTIR, XPS, SEM and the chemical structure of PMHS, the relationship between microstructure and properties of BF/HDPE composites was built and then the mechanism for PMHS modification on BF/HDPE composites was proposed.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Asumani OML, Reid RG, Paskaramoorthy R (2012) The effects of alkali–silane treatment on the tensile and flexural properties of short fibre non-woven kenaf reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 43(9):1431–1440. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.04.007
Biswas K, Khandelwal V, Maiti S (2020) Rheological properties of teak wood flour reinforced HDPE and maize starch composites. J Appl Polym Sci:49874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49874
Bland HA, Thomas ELH, Klemencic GM, Mandal S, Morgan DJ, Papageorgiou A, Jones TG, Williams OA (2019) Superconducting diamond on silicon nitride for device applications. Sci Rep-uk. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39707-z
Chilali A, Assarar M, Zouari W, Kebir H, Ayad R (2019) Mechanical characterization and damage events of flax fabric-reinforced biopolymer composites. Polym Polym Compos 28(8–9):631–644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0967391119895744
Elamin MAM, Li SX, Osman ZA, Otitoju TA (2020) Preparation and characterization of wood-plastic composite by utilizing a hybrid compatibilizer system. Ind Crops Prod 154:112659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112659
Faruk O, Bledzki AK, Fink H-P, Sain M (2012) Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010. Prog Polym Sci 37(11):1552–1596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003
Gao H, Xie Y, Ou R, Wang Q (2012) Grafting effects of polypropylene/polyethylene blends with maleic anhydride on the properties of the resulting wood–plastic composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 43(1):150–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.10.001
Gu F, Zheng Y, Zhang W, Yao X, Pan D, Wong ASM, Guo J, Hall P, Sharmin N (2018) Can bamboo fibres be an alternative to flax fibres as materials for plastic reinforcement? A comparative life cycle study on polypropylene/flax/bamboo laminates. Ind Crops Prod 121:372–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.025
Han H, Gong X, Zhou M, Wu Y (2020) A Study About Water/Alkali Treatments of Hemp Fiber on Ultraviolet Ageing of the Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. J Polym Environ 28(10):2572–2583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01799-4
Hung K-C, Chen Y-L, Wu J-H (2012) Natural weathering properties of acetylated bamboo plastic composites. Polym Degrad Stabil 97(9):1680–1685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.016
Ighalo JO, Adeyanju CA, Ogunniyi S, Adeniyi AG, Abdulkareem SA (2020) An empirical review of the recent advances in treatmentof natural fibers for reinforced plastic composites. Compos Interface. https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2020.1826274
Kumar N, Mireja S, Khandelwal V, Arun B, Manik G (2017) Light-weight high-strength hollow glass microspheres and bamboo fiber based hybrid polypropylene composite: A strength analysis and morphological study. Compos Part B-Eng 109:277–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.052
Kushwaha PK, Kumar R (2009) Effect of silanes on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber-epoxy composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 29(5):718–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684408100691
Lin W, Huang Y, Li J, Liu Z, Yang W, Li R, Chen H, Zhang X (2018) Preparation of highly hydrophobic and anti-fouling wood using poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane. Cellulose 25(12):7341–7353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2074-y
Lin G, Wang H, Boquan Y, Qu G, Chen S, Kuang T, Yu K, Zhenning L (2020a) Combined treatments of fiber surface etching/silane-coupling for enhanced mechanical strength of aramid fiber-reinforced rubber blends. Mater Chem Phys 255:123486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123486
Lin H, Li R, Li D, Huang Z, Pang J, Zhang X, Liu W, Yang W (2020b) Hydrophobic wood flour derived from a novel p-TsOH treatment for improving interfacial compatibility of wood/HDPE composites. Cellulose 27(7):4053–4065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03046-4
Lin W, Zhang X, Cai Q, Yang W, Chen H (2020c) Dehydrogenation-driven assembly of transparent and durable superhydrophobic ORMOSIL coatings on cellulose-based substrates. Cellulose 27(13):7805–7821. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03288-2
Liu W, Chen T, Xie T, Lai F, Qiu R (2015) Oxygen plasma treatment of bamboo fibers (BF) and its effects on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of BF-unsaturated polyester composites. Holzforschung 69(4):449–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0097
Liu W, Xie T, Qiu R (2016) Bamboo fibers grafted with a soybean-oil-based monomer for its unsaturated polyester composites. Cellulose 23(4):2501–2513. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0969-z
Liu W, Qiu J, Chen T, Fei M, Qiu R, Sakai E (2019) Regulating tannic acid-crosslinked epoxidized soybean oil oligomers for strengthening and toughening bamboo fibers-reinforced poly(lactic acid) biocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 181:107709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107709
Lu T, Jiang M, Jiang Z, Hui D, Wang Z, Zhou Z (2013) Effect of surface modification of bamboo cellulose fibers on mechanical properties of cellulose/epoxy composites. Compos Part B-Eng 51:28–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.02.031
Muhammad A, Rahman MR, Hamdan S, Sanaullah K (2018) Recent developments in bamboo fiber-based composites: a review. Poym Bull 76(5):2655–2682. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-018-2493-9
Obi Reddy K, Uma Maheswari C, Shukla M, Song JI, Varada Rajulu A (2013) Tensile and structural characterization of alkali treated Borassus fruit fine fibers. Compos Part B-Eng 44(1):433–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.075
Pereira JF, Ferreira DP, Bessa J, Matos J, Cunha F, Araújo I, Silva LF, Pinho E, Fangueiro R (2019) Mechanical performance of thermoplastic olefin composites reinforced with coir and sisal natural fibers: Influence of surface pretreatment. Polym Compos 40(9):3472–3481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25209
Poaty B, Riedl B, Blanchet P, Blanchard V, Stafford L (2012) Improved water repellency of black spruce wood surfaces after treatment in carbon tetrafluoride plasmas. Wood Sci Technol 47(2):411–422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-012-0505-8
Qiu R, Liu W, Wu Y, Li K (2019) Development of a reinforced styrene-free unsaturated polyester composite based on bamboo fibers. Holzforschung 73(7):689–694. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0160
Rachini A, Le Troedec M, Peyratout C, Smith A (2012) Chemical modification of hemp fibers by silane coupling agents. J Appl Polym Sci 123(1):601–610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34530
Seo Y-R, Bae S-U, Gwon J, Wu Q, Kim B-J (2020) Effects of methylenediphenyl 4,4’-diisocyanate and maleic anhydride as coupling agents on the properties of polylactic acid/polybutylene succinate/wood flour biocomposites by reactive extrusion. Materials 13(7):1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071660
Sun Y, Zheng J, Huang R, Zhang X, Chen C, Jiang B, Chen H, Yan L, Yang W (2017) A simple method to control the microstructure and properties of sol–gel silica antireflective coatings. Rsc Adv 7(51):31950–31959. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04400c
Thamae T, Baillie C (2012) Influence of fibre extraction method, alkali and silane treatment on the interface of Agave americana waste HDPE composites as possible roof ceilings in Lesotho. Compos Interface 14(7–9):821–836. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/156855407782106483
Wan C, Jiao Y, Wei S, Li X, Tian W, Wu Y, Li J (2019) Scalable top-to-bottom design on low tortuosity of anisotropic carbon aerogels for fast and reusable passive capillary absorption and separation of organic leakages. Acs Appl Mater Inter 11(51):47846–47857. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b13686
Wan C, Jiao Y, Wei S, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li J (2019) Functional nanocomposites from sustainable regenerated cellulose aerogels: a review. Chem Eng J 359:459–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.115
Wan C, Jiao Y, Tian W, Zhang L, Wu Y, Li J, Li X (2020) A holocellulose framework with anisotropic microchannels for directional assembly of copper sulphide nanoparticles for multifunctional applications. Chem Eng J 393:124637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124637
Wang H, Sheng KC, Lan T, Adl M, Qian XQ, Zhu SM (2010) Role of surface treatment on water absorption of poly(vinyl chloride) composites reinforced by Phyllostachys pubescens particles. Compos Sci Technol 70(5):847–853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.01.023
Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liang W, Wang J, Chen Y (2020) Effect of silane treatment on mechanical properties and thermal behavior of bamboo fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. J Eng Fiber Fabr 15:155892502095819. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925020958195
Xie Y, Hill CAS, Xiao Z, Militz H, Mai C (2010) Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber/polymer composites: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 41(7):806–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.03.005
Yao X, Shen C, Xu S (2019) The effects of coupling/grafting modification of wood fiber on the dimensional stability, mechanical and thermal properties of high density polyethylene/wood fiber composites. Mater Res Express 6(11):115328. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4a63
Zhang X, Xia B, Ding B, Zhang Y, Luo J, Jiang B (2013) Ultra-fast surface hydrophobic modification of sol–gel silica antireflective coating with enhanced abrasion-resistance. Mater Lett 104:31–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.04.016
Zhang L, Lv S, Sun C, Wan L, Tan H, Zhang Y (2017) Effect of MAH-g-PLA on the properties of wood fiber/polylactic acid composites. Polymers 9(11):591. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9110591
Zhang W, Yao X, Khanal S, Xu S (2018) A novel surface treatment for bamboo flour and its effect on the dimensional stability and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene/bamboo flour composites. Constr Build Mater 186:1220–1227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.003
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Leading Project of Fujian Province of China (2019H0008) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (61505029).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiao, F., Gao, J., Huang, X. et al. Effect of poly(methylhydrogen)siloxane modification on adjusting mechanical properties of bamboo flour‐reinforced HDPE composites. Cellulose 28, 5463–5475 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03849-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03849-z