Abstract
Paper-based devices are continuing to grow rapidly. However, conventional paper patterning methods are mostly restricted to the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) patterns. Here, we present a novel patterning method for the fabrication of 2D and 3D paper-based devices. For the first time, a 3D fluidic channel network with multiple crossings of fluidic channels is successfully fabricated on a layer of paper without sophisticated procedures. The proposed method utilizes a commercially available inkjet printer to print water pattern as a protective mask onto both sides of a paper substrate and followed by soaking the sample into a non-polar solution which contains a hydrophobic substance to form hydrophobic barriers on the paper substrate. The printed water mask helps preventing the adsorption of the non-polar solution into the printed water area resulting in the formation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas. This opens up a new route towards the development of 2D and 3D paper-based devices using low-cost equipment and a variety of materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe K, Suzuki K, Citterio D (2008) Inkjet-printed microfluidic multianalyte chemical sensing paper. Anal Chem 80:6928–6934
Apilux A, Dungchai W, Siangproh W, Praphairaksit N, Henry CS, Chailapakul O (2010) Lab-on-paper with dual electrochemical/colorimetric detection for simultaneous determination of gold and iron. Anal Chem 82:1727–1732
Bruzewicz DA, Reches M, Whitesides GM (2008) Low-cost printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) barriers to define microchannels in paper. Anal Chem 80:3387–3392
Carrilho E, Martinez AW, Whitesides GM (2009) Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. Anal Chem 81:7091–7095
Dungchai W, Chailapakul O, Henry CS (2009) Electrochemical detection for paper-based microfluidics. Anal Chem 81:5821–5826
Eder F, Klauk H, Halik M, Zschieschang U, Schmid GN, Dehm C (2004) Organic electronics on paper. Appl Phys Lett 84:2673–2675
Ge L, Yan JX, Song XR, Yan M, Ge SG, Yu JH (2012) Three-dimensional paper-based electrochemiluminescence immunodevice for multiplexed measurement of biomarkers and point-of-care testing. Biomaterials 33:1024–1031
He PJW, Katis IN, Eason RW, Sones SL (2016) Laser direct-write for fabrication of three-dimensional paper-based devices. Lab Chip 16:3296–3303
Hossain SMZ, Luckham RE, McFadden MJ, Brennan JD (2009) Reagentless bidirectional lateral flow bioactive paper sensors. Anal Chem 81:9055–9064
Jeong SG, Lee SH, Choi CH, Kim J, Lee CS (2015) Toward instrument-free digital measurements: a three-dimensional microfluidic device fabricated in a single sheet of paper by double-sided printing and lamination. Lab Chip 15:1188–1194
Jiang X, Fan ZH (2016) Fabrication and operation of paper-based analytical devices. Annu Rev Anal Chem 9:203–222
Lankelma J, Nie Z, Carrilho E, Martinez AW, Whitesides GM (2012) Paper-based analytical device for electrochemical flow-injection analysis of glucose in urine. Anal Chem 84:4147–4152
Lewis GG, DiTucci MJ, Phillips ST (2012) Quantifying analytes in paper-based microfluidic devices without using external electronic readers. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:12707–12710
Li X, Liu XY (2014) Fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic channels in a single layer of cellulose paper. Microfluid Nanofluid 16:819–827
Li X, Tian J, Nguyen T, Shen W (2010) Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors. Cellulose 17:649–659
Li X, Ballerini DR, Shen WA (2012) A perspective on paper-based microfluidics: current status and future trends. Biomicrofluidics 6:011301–011313
Liu H, Crooks RM (2011) Three-dimensional paper microfluidic devices assembled using the principles of origami. J Am Chem Soc 133:17564–17566
Liu X, Mwangi M, Li X, O’Brien M, Whitesides GM (2011) Paper-based piezoresistive MEMS sensors. Lab Chip 11:2189–2196
Lu Y, Shi W, Jiang L, Qin J, Lin B (2009) Rapid prototyping of paper-based microfluidics with wax for low-cost, portable bioassay. Electrophoresis 30:1497–1500
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Butte MJ, Whitesides GM (2007) Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:1318–1320
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Wiley BJ, Gupta M, Whitesides GM (2008a) FLASH: a rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 8:2146–2150
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Carrilho E, Thomas SW, Sindi H, Whitesides GM (2008b) Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis. Anal Chem 80:3699–3707
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM (2008c) Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:19606–19611
Martinez AW, Phillips ST, Whitesides GM, Carrilho E (2010) microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chem 82:3–10
Nemiroski A, Christodouleas DC, Hennek JW, Kumar AA, Maxwell EJ, Fernández-Abedul MT, Whitesides GM (2014) Universal mobile electrochemical detector designed for use in resource-limited applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:11984–11989
Nie ZH, Nijhuis CA, Gong JL, Chen X, Kumachev A, Martinez AW, Narovlyansky M, Whitesides GM (2010) Electrochemical sensing in paper-based microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 10:477–483
Nyholm L, Nystrom G, Mihranyan A, Stromme M (2011) Toward flexible polymer and paper-based energy storage devices. Adv Mater 23:3751–3769
Olkkonen J, Lehtinen K, Erho T (2010) Flexographically printed fluidic structures in paper. Anal Chem 82:10246–10250
Sechi D, Greer B, Johnson J, Hashemi N (2013) Three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic device for assays of protein and glucose in urine. Anal Chem 85:10733–10737
Tao C, Yen CS, Liu JT, Chen CJ (2016) Analytical performance of paper electro-biosensor detection platform for point-of-care diagnosis. Cellulose 23:3799–3808
Wang LB, Chen W, Xu DH, Shim BS, Zhu YY, Sun FX, Liu LQ, Peng CF, Jin ZY, Xu CL, Kotov NA (2009) Simple, rapid, sensitive, and versatile SWNT-paper sensor for environmental toxin detection competitive with ELISA. Nano Lett 9:4147–4152
Yamada K, Shibata H, Suzuki K, Citterio D (2017) Toward practical application of paper-based microfluidics for medical diagnostics: state-of-the-art and challenges. Lab Chip 17:1206–1249
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Chulalongkorn University through Chulalongkorn Academic Advancement into Its 2nd Century Project (Smart Medical Device).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Punpattanakul, K., Kraduangdej, S., Jiranusornkul, N. et al. A novel patterning method for three-dimensional paper-based devices by using inkjet-printed water mask. Cellulose 25, 2659–2665 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1712-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1712-8