Abstract
In this paper we present a time-temperature superposition method for predicting the permanence of paper by extrapolating accelerated paper ageing data to ambient conditions. The presented method includes a test for the presence of shift factors to superpose all of the raw accelerated ageing data over the temperature range studied to obtain a master curve, a numerical fit of the master curve for producing a master equation representing the kinetics of paper degradation, a critical examination of applying Arrhenius equation for explaining the relationship between the empirically determined shift factors and the accelerated ageing temperature, and a verification of the Arrhenius activation energy extrapolation assumption. Unlike the usual approach that extrapolates the Arrhenius relationship between lifetime and temperature, without corroborating evidence, to ambient temperatures, we test the Arrhenius activation energy extrapolation assumption by determining the influence of acidity on cellulose hydrolysis reactions, and have found that detection and identification of the acid-sensitive linkages in cellulose substances is an ultra-sensitive and reliable method to measure degradation of cellulose and paper in what is normally the extrapolation region (ambient temperatures). Taking the examples of natural ageing data in literature from 18 bleached kraft dry-lap pulps for 22 years under ambient conditions and three handsheet samples for 22 years under controlled conditions, comparison of the predictions with natural ageing results has been addressed.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all reviewers and Professor Wolfgang Glasser (Editor in Chief) for helpful comments and suggestions. We would also like to thank Dr Xuejun Zou of Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada for kind permission to use their published data in Zou, X., Uesaka, T. and Gurnagul, N. (1996 a, b).
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Ding, HZ., Wang, Z.D. Time–temperature superposition method for predicting the permanence of paper by extrapolating accelerated ageing data to ambient conditions. Cellulose 14, 171–181 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9114-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9114-3