Abstract
A number of intervention models aimed at addressing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-related behaviors require caregivers to perform intensive and oftentimes extended protocols (Bearss et al. in Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 18(2):170–182, 2015). Though a number of research findings describe how characteristics of the child with ASD affect the mental health and stress experienced by caregivers and family members (Davis and Carter in J Autism Dev Disord 38(7):1278–1291, 2008; Tomanik et al. in J Intellect Dev Disabil 29(1):16–26, 2004), few studies investigate effects on overall family functioning and relationships among other family members. This review aimed to examine caregiver-delivered interventions as they relate to ASD, the impact of these caregiver-administered interventions on the family unit and family relationships, and potential future targets of treatments and treatment structures that include family members. The results of the review illustrate the nature of caregiver-administered interventions, which largely benefit family functioning and relationships.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Of note, a second set of search terms that examined sibling-administered interventions were also included in the initial search and in the selection of articles chosen for further analysis; however, after coding for the inclusion criteria, there were no sibling articles included in the final sample.
References
Abbeduto, L., Seltzer, M. M., Shattuck, P., Krauss, M. W., Orsmond, G., & Murphy, M. M. (2004). Psychological well-being and coping in mothers of youths with autism, down syndrome, or fragile X syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109(3), 237–254.
Abidin, R. R. (2012). Parenting stress index, fourth edition: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
Anme, T., Shinohara, R., Sugisawa, Y., Tong, L., Tanaka, E., Watanabe, T., … Mochizuki, Y. (2010). Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) as an evidence-based practical index of children’s social skills and parenting. Journal of Epidemiology, 20(Supplement_II), S419–S426.
Antezana, L., Scarpa, A., Valdespino, A., Albright, J., & Richey, J. A. (2017). Rural trends in diagnosis and services for autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 590.
Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The parenting scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137–144.
Baker, J. K., Messinger, D. S., Lyons, K. K., & Grantz, C. J. (2010). A pilot study of maternal sensitivity in the context of emergent autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 988–999.
Baker, J. K., Seltzer, M. M., & Greenberg, J. S. (2011). Longitudinal effects of adaptability on behavior problems and maternal depression in families of adolescents with autism. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(4), 601–609.
Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Stahmer, A. (2005). Stress levels and adaptability in parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 30(4), 194–204.
Bearss, K., Burrell, T. L., Stewart, L., & Scahill, L. (2015). Parent training in autism spectrum disorder: What’s in a name? Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18(2), 170–182.
Bearss, K., Johnson, C., Handen, B., Smith, T., & Scahill, L. (2013). A pilot study of parent training in young children with autism spectrum disorders and disruptive behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(4), 829–840.
Bendixen, R. M., Elder, J. H., Donaldson, S., Kairalla, J. A., Valcante, G., & Ferdig, R. E. (2011). Effects of a father-based in-home intervention on perceived stress and family dynamics in parents of children with autism. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(6), 679–687.
Benson, P. R. (2015). Longitudinal effects of educational involvement on parent and family functioning among mothers of children with ASD. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 11, 42–55.
Benson, P. R., & Karlof, K. L. (2008). Child, parent, and family predictors of latter adjustment in siblings of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 583–600.
Biringen, Z. (2000). Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 104–114.
Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2006). Using acceptance and commitment training in the support of parents of children diagnosed with autism. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 28(1), 1–18.
Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 208–215.
Brookman-Frazee, L., & Koegel, R. L. (2004). Using parent/clinician partnerships in parent education programs for children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 6(4), 195–213.
Cebula, K. R. (2012). Applied behavior analysis programs for autism: Sibling psychosocial adjustment during and following intervention use. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(5), 847–862.
Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 7–18.
Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 685–716. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685.
Cridland, E. K., Jones, S. C., Magee, C. A., & Caputi, P. (2014). Family-focused autism spectrum disorder research: A review of the utility of family systems approaches. Autism, 18(3), 213–222.
Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278–1291.
Dixon, L., Lucksted, A., Stewart, B., Burland, J., Brown, C. H., Postrado, L., … Hoffman, M. (2004). Outcomes of the peer‐taught 12‐week family‐to‐family education program for severe mental illness. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(3), 207–215.
Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274–1284.
Estes, A., Olson, E., Sullivan, K., Greenson, J., Winter, J., Dawson, G., et al. (2013). Parenting-related stress and psychological distress in mothers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Brain and Development, 35(2), 133–138.
Foxx, R. M. (2010). The complete guide to autism treatments: A parent’s handbook: Make sure your child gets what works! The Behavior Analyst, 33(1), 133–138.
Freedman, B. H., Kalb, L. G., Zablotsky, B., & Stuart, E. A. (2012). Relationship status among parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 539–548.
Gantman, A., Kapp, S. K., Orenski, K., & Laugeson, E. A. (2012). Social skills training for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1094–1103.
Gerard, A. B. (2005). Parent–child relationship inventory (PCRI) manual (4th ed.). Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Granger, S., des Rivières-Pigeon, C., Sabourin, G., & Forget, J. (2012). Mothers’ reports of their involvement in early intensive behavioral intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 32(2), 68–77.
Greenberg, J. S., Seltzer, M. M., Hong, J., & Orsmond, G. I. (2006). Bidirectional effects of expressed emotion and behavior problems and symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111(4), 229–249.
Greenspan, S., & Wieder, S. (1997). An integrated developmental approach to interventions for young children with severe difficulties in relating and communicating. Zero to Three, 17(5), 5–18.
Greenspan, S. I., DeGangi, G. A., & Wieder, S. (2001). The functional emotional assessment scale (FEAS) for infancy and early childhood: clinical and research applications. Bethesda, MD: Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorders.
Grindle, C. F., Kovshoff, H., Hastings, R. P., & Remington, B. (2009). Parents’ experiences of applied behaviour analysis (ABA)-based interventions for children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 42–56.
Guite, J., Lobato, D., Kao, B., & Plante, W. (2004). Discordance between sibling and parent reports of the impact of chronic illness and disability on siblings. Children’s Health Care, 33(1), 77–92.
Hartley, S. L., Barker, E. T., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., & Floyd, F. J. (2011). Marital satisfaction and parenting experiences of mothers and fathers of adolescents and adults with autism. American Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(1), 81–95.
Hastings, R. P. (2003). Child behaviour problems and partner mental health as correlates of stress in mothers and fathers of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4–5), 231–237.
Higgins, D. J., Bailey, S. R., & Pearce, J. C. (2005). Factors associated with functioning style and coping strategies of families with a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 9(2), 125–137.
Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Hodge, D., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., & Looney, L. (2009). Parenting stress and closeness: Mothers of typically developing children and mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(3), 178–187.
Hoffman, L., Marquis, J., Poston, D., Summers, J. A., & Turnbull, A. (2006). Assessing family outcomes: Psychometric evaluation of the beach center family quality of life scale. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(4), 1069–1083.
Hwang, Y.-S., Kearney, P., Klieve, H., Lang, W., & Roberts, J. (2015). Cultivating mind: Mindfulness interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder and problem behaviours, and their mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 3093–3106.
Ichikawa, K., Takahashi, Y., Ando, M., Anme, T., Ishizaki, T., Yamaguchi, H., et al. (2013). TEACCH-based group social skills training for children with high-functioning autism: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 7(14), 1–8.
Johnson, E., & Hastings, R. P. (2002). Facilitating factors and barriers to the implementation of intensive home-based behavioural intervention for young children with autism. Child: Care, Health and Development, 28(2), 123–129.
Judson, S. L., & Burden, R. L. (1980). Towards a tailored measure of parental attitudes: An approach to the evaluation of one aspect of intervention projects with parents of handicapped children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 6(1), 47–55.
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (Eds.). (2012). Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention. New York: Taylor & Francis Group LLC.
Karst, J. S., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2012). Parent and family impact of autism spectrum disorders: A review and proposed model for intervention evaluation. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15(3), 247–277.
Karst, J. S., Van Hecke, A. V., Carson, A. M., Stevens, S., Schohl, K., & Dolan, B. (2015). Parent and family outcomes of PEERS: A social skills intervention for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 752–765.
Kasari, C., Sigman, M., Mundy, P., & Yirmiya, N. (1988). Caregiver interactions with autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16(1), 45–56.
Kelly, A. B., Garnett, M. S., Attwood, T., & Peterson, C. (2008). Autism spectrum symptomatology in children: The impact of family and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1069–1081.
Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Britten, K. R., Burke, J. C., & O’Neill, R. E. (1982). A comparison of parent training to direct child treatment. In R. L. Koegel, A. Rincover, & A. L. Egel (Eds.), Educating and understanding autistic children. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.
Koren, P. E., DeChillo, N., & Friesen, B. J. (1992). Measuring empowerment in families whose children have emotional disabilities: A brief questionnaire. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37(4), 305–321.
Kuravackel, G. M., Ruble, L. A., Reese, R. J., Ables, A. P., Rodgers, A. D., & Toland, M. D. (2018). Compass for hope: Evaluating the effectiveness of a parent training and support program for children with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 404–416.
Lam, S. F., Wong, B. P., Leung, D., Ho, D., & Au-Yeung, P. (2010). How parents perceive and feel about participation in community activities: The comparison between parents of preschoolers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 14(4), 359–377.
Laugeson, E. A., Frankel, F., Gantman, A., Dillon, A. R., & Mogil, C. (2012). Evidence-based social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: The UCLA PEERS program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1025–1036.
Laugeson, E. A., Frankel, F., Mogil, C., & Dillon, A. R. (2009). Parent-assisted social skills training to improve friendships in teens with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(4), 596–606.
Liao, S.-T., Hwang, Y.-S., Chen, Y.-J., Lee, P., Chen, S.-J., & Lin, L.-Y. (2014). Home-based DIR/Floortime intervention program for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders: Preliminary findings. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 34(4), 356–367.
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., … Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 65–95.
Lord, C., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Diagnosis, Prevalence, and Services for Children and Families. Social Policy Report (vol. 24, no. 2). Society for Research in Child Development.
Luiselli, J. K., Cannon, B. O. M., Ellis, J. T., & Sisson, R. W. (2000). Home-based behavioral intervention for young children with autism/pervasive developmental disorder a preliminary evaluation of outcome in relation to child age and intensity of service delivery. Autism, 4(4), 426–438.
Mahoney, G. J. (1999). The maternal behavior rating scale: Revised. Unpublished manuscript, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH.
Mahoney, G., & Perales, F. (2003). Using relationship-focused intervention to enhance the social-emotional functioning of young children with autism spectrum disorders. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 23(2), 77–89.
Mahoney, G., Powell, A., & Finger, I. (1986). The maternal behavior rating scale. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 6(2), 44–56.
Matheny, A. P., Wachs, T. D., Ludwig, J. L., & Phillips, K. (1995). Bringing order out of chaos: Psychometric characteristics of the confusion, hubbub, and order scale. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16(3), 429–444.
McConachie, H., & Diggle, T. (2007). Parent implemented early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 13(1), 120–129.
McConachie, H., Randle, V., Hammal, D., & Le Couteur, A. (2005). A controlled trial of a training course for parents of children with suspected autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 147(3), 335–340.
Midouhas, E., Yogaratnam, A., Flouri, E., & Charman, T. (2013). Psychopathology trajectories of children with autism spectrum disorder: The role of family poverty and parenting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(10), 1057–1065.
Minjarez, M. B., Mercier, E. M., Williams, S. E., & Hardan, A. Y. (2013). Impact of pivotal response training group therapy on stress and empowerment in parents of children with autism. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(2), 71–78.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56(2), 289–302.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 151, 264–269.
Mugno, D., Ruta, L., D’Arrigo, V. G., & Mazzone, L. (2007). Impairment of quality of life in parents of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(22), 1–9.
Odom, S. L., Collet-Klingenberg, L., Rogers, S. J., & Hatton, D. D. (2010). Evidence-based practices in interventions for children and youth with autism spectrum disorders. Preventing School Failure, 54(4), 275–282.
Olson, D. H., & Gorall, D. M. (2003). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 514–547). New York: Guilford Publications.
Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Bell, R. Q. (1982). FACES II: Family adaptability and cohesion evaluation scales. In D. H. Olson, H. I. McCubbin, H. Barnes, A. Larsen, M. Muxen, & M. Wilson (Eds.), Family inventories: Inventories used in a national survey of families across the family life cycle. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. Cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18(1), 3–28.
Osborne, L. A., McHugh, L., Saunders, J., & Reed, P. (2008). The effect of parenting behaviors on subsequent child behavior problems in autistic spectrum conditions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(2), 249–263.
Phelps, K. W., McCammon, S. L., Wuensch, K. L., & Golden, J. A. (2009). Enrichment, stress, and growth from parenting an individual with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 133–141.
Poslawsky, I. E., Naber, F. B., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Daalen, E., van Engeland, H., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). Video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting adapted to autism (VIPP-AUTI): A randomized controlled trial. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 19(5), 588–603.
Rao, P. A., & Beidel, D. C. (2009). The impact of children with high functioning autism on parental stress, sibling adjustment, and family functioning. Behavior Modification, 33(4), 437–451.
Rivard, M., Morin, M., Mercier, C., Terroux, A., Mello, C., & Lepine, A. (2017). Social validity of a training and coaching program for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder on a waiting list for early behavioral intervention. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 877–887.
Rivero, N., Martínez-Pampliega, A., & Olson, D. H. (2010). Spanish adaptation of the FACES IV questionnaire: Psychometric characteristics. The Family Journal, 18(3), 288–296.
Rivers, J. W., & Stoneman, Z. (2003). Sibling relationships when a child has autism: Marital stress and support coping. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 383–394.
Rivet, T. T., & Matson, J. L. (2011). Review of gender differences in core symptomatology in autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 957–976.
Roberts, D., & Pickering, N. (2010). Parent training programme for autism spectrum disorders: An evaluation. Community Practitioner, 83(10), 27–30.
Rogers, S. J. (2000). Interventions that facilitate socialization in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(5), 399–409.
Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., … Dawson, G. (2012). Effects of a brief Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)—based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 1052–1065.
Sanders, M., Matthew, R., Mazzucchelli, T. G., & Studman, L. (2012). Practitioner’s manual for standard stepping stones triple P: For families with a child who has a disability (2nd ed.). Milton: Triple P International Pty Ltd.
Schertz, H. H., Baker, C., Hurwitz, S., & Benner, L. (2011). Principles of early intervention reflected in toddler research in autism spectrum disorders. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 31(1), 4–21.
Schertz, H. H., & Odom, S. L. (2007). Promoting joint attention in toddlers with autism: A parent-mediated developmental model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(8), 1562–1575.
Schreiber, C. (2011). Social skills interventions for children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 13(1), 49–62.
Seligman, M., & Darling, R. B. (2009). Ordinary families, special children: A systems approach to childhood disability. New York: Guilford Publications.
Sikora, D., Moran, E., Orlich, F., Hall, T. A., Kovacs, E. A., Delahaye, J., … Kuhlthau, K. (2013). The relationship between family functioning and behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 307–315.
Sivberg, B. (2002). Family system and coping behaviors: A comparison between parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders and parents with non-autistic children. Autism, 6(4), 397–409.
Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 167–178.
Smith, T., Scahill, L., Dawson, G., Guthrie, D., Lord, C., Odom, S., … Wagner, A. (2007). Designing research studies on psychosocial interventions in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 354–366.
Sofronoff, K., & Farbotko, M. (2002). The effectiveness of parent management training to increase self-efficacy in parents of children with asperger syndrome. Autism, 6(3), 271–286.
Solomon, M., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Anders, T. F. (2004). A social adjustment enhancement intervention for high functioning autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder NOS. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(6), 649–668.
Solomon, R., Van Egeren, L. A., Mahoney, G., Quon Huber, M. S., & Zimmerman, P. (2014). PLAY project home consultation intervention program for young children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 35(8), 475–485.
Steiner, A. M., Gengoux, G. W., Klin, A., & Chawarska, K. (2013). Pivotal response treatment for infants at-risk for autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(1), 91–102.
Sussman, F., & Lewis, R. B. (1999). More than words: A guide to helping parents promote communication and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. Toronto, CA: Hanen Centre.
Thompson, G. A., McFerran, K. S., & Gold, C. (2014). Family-centered music therapy to promote social engagement in young children with severe autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(6), 840–852.
Thompson, L., Lobb, C., Elling, R., Herman, S., Jurkiewicz, T., & Hulleza, C. (1997). Pathways to family empowerment: Effects of family-centered delivery of early intervention services. Exceptional Children, 64(1), 99–113.
Tomanik, S., Harris, G. E., & Hawkins, J. (2004). The relationship between behaviours exhibited by children with autism and maternal stress. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 29(1), 16–26.
Volkmar, F. R., & Pauls, D. (2003). Autism. The Lancet, 362(9390), 1133–1141.
Wan, M. W., Green, J., Elsabbagh, M., Johnson, M., Charman, T., & Plummer, F. (2013). Quality of interaction between at-risk infants and caregiver at 12–15 months is associated with 3-year autism outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 763–771.
Wang, P. (2008). Effects of a parent training program on the interactive skills of parents of children with autism in China. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 5(2), 96–104.
Webb, B. J., Miller, S. P., Pierce, T. B., Strawser, S., & Jones, W. P. (2004). Effects of social skill instruction for high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(1), 53–62.
Weiss, M. J. (2002). Hardiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115–130.
White, S. W., Keonig, K., & Scahill, L. (2007). Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: A review of the intervention research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1858–1868.
Whittingham, K., Sofronoff, K., Sheffield, J., & Sanders, M. R. (2009). Stepping stones Triple P: An RCT of a parenting program with parents of a child diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(4), 469–480.
Williams, K. R., & Wishart, J. G. (2003). The Son-Rise Program intervention for autism: An investigation into family experiences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(4), 291–299.
Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., … Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 1951–1966.
Yang, X., Artman-Meeker, K., & Roberts, C. A. (2018). Grandparents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Navigating roles and relationships. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 56(5), 354–373.
Yarrow, M. R. (1963). Problems of methods in parent–child research. Child Development, 34(1), 216–226.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
For this type of study, formal consent is not required.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Factor, R.S., Ollendick, T.H., Cooper, L.D. et al. All in the Family: A Systematic Review of the Effect of Caregiver-Administered Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions on Family Functioning and Relationships. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 22, 433–457 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00297-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-019-00297-x