Abstract
We review a series of interrelated studies on the development of children residing in institutions (i.e., orphanages) in the Russian Federation or placed with families in the USA and the Russian Federation. These studies rely on a single population, and many potential parameters that typically vary in the literature are similar across studies. The conceptual focus is on the role of early caregiver–child interactions and environmental factors that influence those interactions in children’s development. Generally, children residing in institutions that provided minimal caregiver–child interactions displayed delayed physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development. Children and adolescents adopted from such institutions at 18 months of age or older had higher rates of behavioral and executive function problems, even many years after adoption. An intervention that improved the institutional environment by increasing the quality of caregiver–child interactions—without changes in nutrition, medical care, sanitation, and safety—led to substantial increases in the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development of resident children with and without disabilities. Follow-up studies of children in this intervention who were subsequently placed with USA and Russian families revealed some longer-term benefits of the intervention. Implications are discussed for theoretical understanding of the role of early caregiver–child interactions in development as well as for practice and policy.
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Acknowledgements
Research reported in this paper was funded by the Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (grants HD 050212, HD 39017, ARRA HD 050212-Si, and a supplement to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research to authors McCall and Groark). A National Institute of Mental Health Training Grant (T32, MH 13043) supported Emily Merz, and a NICHD training grant (T32, HD 079350) supported Megan Julian during preparation of this paper. In addition, we appreciate the support and cooperation of the Howard Heinz Endowment and the International Assistance Group of Pittsburgh. Responsibility for the research reported, the writing of this review, and the interpretations and opinions expressed in this paper belongs to the authors, not the funders.
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McCall, R.B., Groark, C.J., Hawk, B.N. et al. Early Caregiver–Child Interaction and Children’s Development: Lessons from the St. Petersburg-USA Orphanage Intervention Research Project. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 22, 208–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0270-9