In this article, we review empirical research on the role of individuals’ parenting and maltreatment histories as developmental antecedents for symptoms and diagnosable episodes of unipolar and bipolar spectrum disorders. Our review is focused on the following three overarching questions: (1) Do negative parenting and a history of maltreatment contribute risk to symptoms or diagnosable episodes of unipolar and bipolar disorders? (2) Are the associations of negative parenting and maltreatment histories with bipolar disorders similar to those for unipolar depression? and (3) Are the associations between negative parenting and maltreatment histories and unipolar and bipolar symptoms or disorders mediated by cognitive vulnerability to depression? We begin by discussing the methodological requirements for demonstrating a psychosocial risk factor and the methodological issues that plague the parenting and maltreatment literatures. Next, we review the extant studies on the role of parenting histories in unipolar and bipolar disorders. We consider the specificity and possible moderators of the parenting–mood disorder relationship, as well as cognitive vulnerability to depression as a mediator of this relationship. Then, we review studies on the association of maltreatment histories with unipolar and bipolar disorders and the role of cognitive vulnerability to depression as a mediator of this association. We conclude with an assessment of the state of the parenting and maltreatment literatures in unipolar and bipolar disorder with regard to our guiding questions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Studies included in this review were identified through electronic search of the Psych Info database. The reference sections of studies obtained through Psych Info were screened as well for additional relevant studies. Search terms used in Psych Info for our review of parenting and mood disorders included parenting, parenting style, “affectionless control,” rejection, acceptance, psychological control, childhood history, and specific parenting measures (PBI, CRPBI, EMBU) crossed with depression, bipolar disorder, mood disorder, cognitive vulnerability, cognitive style, attribution, attribution style, dysfunctional attitudes, hopelessness, schema, information processing, cognitive bias, attention bias, memory bias, interpretation bias, sociotropy, and autonomy. The search terms used in Psych Info for our review of maltreatment and mood disorders included child maltreatment, child abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and peer victimization crossed with the same depression, bipolar disorder, and cognitive vulnerability terms as mentioned earlier.
English translation is “my memories of upbringing.”
Some studies did not provide effect size information and did not contain sufficient information to calculate effect sizes.
The three studies that overlap with the Gerlsma et al. (1990) review are indicated in Tables II and III.
In DSM-IV, melancholia is a specifier for a major depressive episode. It requires (A) during the most severe period of the episode that the patient shows either (1) loss of pleasure in all, or almost all, activities, or (2) lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable stimuli; and (B) three or more of the following: (1) distinct quality of depressed mood, (2) depression regularly worse in the morning, (3) early morning awakening, (4) marked psychomotor retardation or agitation, (5) significant anorexia or weight loss, and (6) excessive or inappropriate guilt. Loss of interest or lack of reactivity is typically regarded as the essential feature of melancholia.
REFERENCES
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.
Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and the revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Gibb, B. E., Crossfield, A. G., Pieracci, A. M., Spasojevic, J., et al. (2004). Developmental antecedents of cognitive vulnerability to depression: Review of the findings from the Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression project. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 18, 115–133.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Neeren, A. M., Walshaw, P. D., Urosevic, S., & Nusslock, R. (in press). Psychosocial risk factors for bipolar disorder: Current and early environment and cognitive styles. In S. Jones & R. Bentall (Eds.), The psychology of bipolar disorder: New developments and research strategies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Raniere, D., & Dyller, I. M. (1999). Research methods in adult psychopathology. In P. C. Kendall, J. N. Butcher, & G. N. Holmbeck (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed., pp. 466–498). New York: Wiley.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Tashman, N. A., Berrebbi, D. S., Hogan, M. E., Whitehouse, W. G., et al. (2001). Developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression: Parenting, cognitive, and inferential feedback styles of the parents of individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 397–423.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Urosevic, S., Walshaw, P. D., Nusslock, R., & Neeren, A. M. (2005). The psychosocial context of bipolar disorder: Environmental, cognitive, and developmental risk factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 1043–1075.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., & Neeren, A. M. (in press). Cognitive vulnerability to unipolar and bipolar mood disorders. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Panzarella, C., & Rose, D. T. (2006). Prospective incidence of first onsets and recurrences of depression in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 145–156.
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Whitehouse, W. G., Hogan, M. E., Tashman, N. A., Steinberg, D. L., et al. (1999). Depressogenic cognitive styles: Predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics, and developmental origins. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 503–531.
Alloy, L. B., Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Fresco, D. M., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. (2005). Cognitive styles and life events as vulnerability factors for bipolar spectrum disorders. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (pp. 93–124). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Andersson, P., & Perris, C. (2000). Perceptions of parental rearing and dysfunctional attitudes: The link between early experiences and individual vulnerability? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 405–409.
Andrews, B., Brown, G. W., & Creasey, L. (1990). Intergenerational links between psychiatric disorder in mothers and daughters: The role of parenting experiences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 1115–1129.
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5–37.
Bifulco, A., Bernazzani, O., Moran, P. M., & Ball, C. (2000). Lifetime stressors and recurrent depression: Preliminary findings of the Adult Life Phase Interview. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 264–275.
Bifulco, A. T., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1987). Childhood loss of parent, lack of adequate parental care and adult depression: A replication. Journal of Affective Disorders, 12, 115–128.
Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1994). Childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 1419–1435.
Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., Moran, P., Ball, C., & Campbell, C. (1998). Predicting depression in women: The role of past and present vulnerability. Psychological Medicine, 28, 39–50.
Bifulco, A., Moran, P. M., Baines, R., Bunn, A., & Stanford, K. (2002). Exploring psychological abuse in childhood: II. Association with other abuse and adult clinical depression. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 66, 241–258.
Brennan, P. A., Le Brocque, R., & Hammen, C. (2003). Maternal depression, parent-child relationships, and resilient outcomes in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 1469–1477.
Brewin, C. R., Firth-Cozens, J., Furnham, A., & McManus, C. (1992). Self-criticism in adulthood and recalled childhood experience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 561–566.
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press.
Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1993). Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population: 1. Early adversity. Psychological Medicine, 23, 143–154.
Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., & Eales, M. J. (1993). Aetiology of anxiety and depressive disorders in an inner-city population: 2. Comorbidity and adversity. Psychological Medicine, 23, 155–165.
Brown, G. W., & Moran, P. (1994). Clinical and psychosocial origins of chronic depressive episodes: I. A community survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 447–456.
Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., & Smailes, E. (1999). Childhood abuse and neglect: Specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1490–1496.
Burbach, D. J., Kashani, J. H., & Rosenberg, T. K. (1989). Parental bonding and depressive disorders in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 417–429.
Canetti, L. & Bachar, E. (1997). Parental bonding and mental health in adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 381–394.
Carter, M. M., Sbrocco, T., Lewis, E. L., & Freidman, E. K. (2001). Parental bonding and anxiety: Differences between African American and European American college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 555–569.
Cerezo, M. A., & Frias, D. (1994). Emotional and cognitive adjustment in abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 923–932.
Chambers, J., Power, K., Loucks, N., & Swanson, V. (2001). The interaction of perceived maternal and paternal parenting styles and their relation with the psychological distress and offending characteristics of incarcerated young offenders. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 209–227.
Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. Dodge (Eds.), Development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15–48). New York: NY: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York, NY: Wiley.
Cloitre, M. (1998). Sexual revictimization: Risk factors and prevention. In V. M. Follette, J. I. Ruzek, & F. R. Abueg (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapies for trauma (pp. 287–304). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cohen, Y., Spirito, A., Sterling, C., Donaldson, D., Seifer, R., Plummer, B., et al. (1996). Physical and sexual abuse and their relation to psychiatric disorder and suicidal behavior among adolescents who are psychiatrically hospitalized. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 989–993.
Cooke, R. G., Young, L. T., Mohri, L., Blake, P. l., & Joffe, R. T. (1999). Family-of-origin characteristics in bipolar disorder: A controlled study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 379–381.
Coverdale, J. H., & Turbott, S. H. (2000). Sexual and physical abuse of chronically ill psychiatric outpatients compared with a matched sample of medical outpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 440–445.
Crossfield, A. G., Alloy, L. B., Gibb, B. E., & Abramson, L. Y. (2002). The development of depressogenic cognitive styles: The role of negative childhood life events and parental inferential feedback. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 487–501.
Davenport, Y. B., Adland, M. L., Gold, P. W., & Goodwin, F. K. (1979). Manic-depressive illness: Psychodynamic features of multigenerational families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 49, 24–35.
Duggan, C., Sham, P., Minne, C., Lee, A., & Murray, R. (1998). Quality of parenting and vulnerability to depression: Results from a family study. Psychological Medicine, 28, 185–191.
Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (1998). The role of shame and attributional style in children's and adolescents’ adaptation to sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 3, 129–142.
Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & Weissman, M. M. (1990). Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring. Developmental Psychology, 26, 40–50.
Finkelstein, J. S., Donenberg, G. R., & Martinovich, Z. (2001). Maternal control and adolescent depression: Ethnic differences among clinically referred girls. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 155–171.
Flisher, A. J., Kramer, R. A., Hoven, C. W., Greenwald, S., Alegria, M., Bird, H. R., et al. (1997). Psychosocial characteristics of physically abused children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 123–131.
Garber, J., & Flynn, C. (2001). Predictors of depressive cognitions in young adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 353–376.
Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression: Self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12–33.
Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 467–483.
Geller, B., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., Williams, M., Delbello, M. P., & Gundersen, K. (2000). Psychosocial functioning in prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1543–1548.
Gerlsma, C., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Arrindell, W. A. (1990). Anxiety, depression, and perception of early parenting: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 251–277.
Gibb, B. E. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles: A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 223–246.
Gibb, B. E., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2004). Emotional maltreatment from parents, peer victimization, and cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 1–21.
Gibb, B. E., & Alloy, L. B. (2006). A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 264–274.
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2003). Global reports of childhood maltreatment versus recall of specific maltreatment experiences: Relationships with dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 903–915.
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., & Marx, B. P. (2003). Childhood maltreatment and maltreatment-specific inferences: A test of Rose and Abramson's (1992) extension of the hopelessness theory. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 917–931.
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Rose, D. T., Whitehouse, W. G., Donovan, P., et al. (2001). History of childhood maltreatment, depressogenic cognitive style, and episodes of depression in adulthood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 425–446.
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Walshaw, P. D., Comer, J. S., Shen, G. C., & Villari, A. G. (2006). Predictors of attributional style change in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology.
Gibb, B. E., Butler, A. C., & Beck, J. S. (2003). Childhood abuse, depression, and anxiety in adult psychiatric outpatients. Depression and Anxiety, 17, 226–228.
Gil-Rivas, V., Greenberger, E., Chen, C., & Lopez-Lena, M. M. (2003). Understanding depressed mood in the context of family-oriented culture. Adolescence, 38, 93–109.
Gold, E. R. (1986). Long-term effects of sexual victimization in childhood: An attributional approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 471–475.
Goodman, S. H., Adamson, L., Riniti, J., & Cole, S. (1994). Mothers’ expressed attitudes: Associations with maternal depression and children's self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1265–1274.
Grandin, L. D., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2005). Childhood stressful life events and bipolar spectrum disorders. Manuscript under editorial review.
Greaven, S. H., Santor, D. A., Thompson, R., & Zuroff, D. C. (2000). Adolescent self-handicapping, depressive affect, and maternal parenting styles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 631–646.
Greenberger, E., Chen, C., Tally, S. R., & Dong, Q. (2000). Family, peer, and individual correlates of depressive symptomatology among U.S. and Chinese adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 209–219.
Griffith, S. J., Oliver, J. M., & Katz, B. M. (2003). Mothers’ attributional style for events in their offsprings’ lives as predictors of their offsprings’ cognitive vulnerability to depression. North American Journal of Psychology, 5, 1–14.
Gross, A. B., & Keller, H. R. (1992). Long-term consequences of childhood physical and psychological maltreatment. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 171–185.
Hall, L. A., Peden, A. R., Rayens, M. K., & Beebe, L. H. (2004). Parental bonding: A key factor for mental health of college women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 277–291.
Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555–561.
Hammersley, P., Dias, A., Todd, G., Bowen-Jones, K., Reilly, B., & Bentall, R. P. (2003). Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: Preliminary investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 543–547.
Harris, T., Brown, G. W., & Bifulco, A. (1986). Loss of parent in childhood and adult psychiatric disorder: The role of lack of adequate parental care. Psychological Medicine, 16, 641–659.
Harris, A. E., & Curtin, L. (2002). Parental perceptions, early maladaptive schemas, and depressive symptoms in young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 405–416.
Henderson, D., Hargreaves, I., Gregory, S., & Williams, J. M. G. (2002). Autobiographical memory in a non-clinical sample of women with and without a reported history of childhood sexual abuse. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 129–141.
Hyun, M., Friedman, H. M., & Dunner, D. L. (2000). Relationship of childhood physical and sexual abuse to adult bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 2, 131–135.
Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Ingram, R. E., Overbey, T., & Fortier, M. (2001). Individual differences in dysfunctional automatic thinking and parental bonding: Specificity of maternal care. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 401–412.
Ingram, R. E., & Ritter, J. (2000). Vulnerability to depression: Cognitive reactivity and parental bonding in high-risk individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 588–596.
Jaenicke, C., Hammen, C., Zupan, B., Hiroto, D., Gordon, D., Adrian, C., et al. (1987). Cognitive vulnerability in children at risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 559–572.
Johnson, S. L., & Roberts, J. E. (1995). Life events and bipolar disorder: Implications from biological theories. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 434–449.
Joyce, P. R. (1984). Parental bonding in bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 7, 319–324.
Just, N., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Remitted depression studies as tests of the cognitive vulnerability hypotheses of depression onset: A critique and conceptual analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 63–83.
Kaplan, S. J., Pelcovitz, D., & Labruna, V. (1999). Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years: Part I. Physical and emotional abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1214–1222.
Kaplan, S. J., Pelcovitz, D., Salzinger, S., Mandel, F., Weiner, M., & Labruna, V. (1999). Adolescent physical abuse and risk for suicidal behaviors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 976–988.
Kaufman, J. (1991). Depressive disorders in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 257–265.
Kazdin, A. E., Moser, J., Colbus, D., & Bell, R. (1985). Depressive symptoms among physically abuse and psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 298–307.
Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953–959.
Kerver, M. J., van Son, J. M., & de Groot, P. A. (1992). Predicting symptoms of depression from reports of early parenting: A one-year prospective study in a community sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 267–272.
Koestner, R., Zuroff, D. C., & Powers, T. A. (1991). Family origins of adolescent self-criticism and its continuity into adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 191–197.
Kraemer, H. C., Kazdin, A. E., Offord, D. R., Kessler, R. C., Jensen, P. S., & Kupfer, D. J. (1997). Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 337–343.
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Monson, C. M., Meyer, K. A., Caster, J., & Sanders, A. (1998). The associations among family-of-origin violence and young adults’ current depressed, hopeless, suicidal, and life-threatening behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 13, 243–261.
Leibenluft, E., Charney, D. S., & Pine, D. S. (2003). Researching the pathophysiology of pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53(11), 1009–1020.
Leverich, G. S., McElroy, S. L., Suppes, T., Keck, P. E., Jr., Denicoff, K. D., Nolen, W. A., et al. (2002). Early physical or sexual abuse and the course of bipolar illness. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 288–297.
Levitan, R. D., Parikh, S. V., Lesage, A. D., Hegadoren, K. M., Adams, M., Kennedy, S. H., et al. (1997). Major depression in individuals with a history of childhood physical or sexual abuse: Relationship to neurovegitative features, mania, and gender. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1746–1752.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Steinmetz, J. L., Larson, D. W., & Franklin, J. (1981). Depression-related cognitions: Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 213–219.
Litovsky, V. G., & Dusek, J. B. (1985). Perceptions of child rearing and self-concept development during the early adolescent years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 373–387.
Liu, Y. (2003). The mediators between parenting and adolescent depressive symptoms: Dysfunctional attitudes and self-worth. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 91–100.
Lizardi, H., Klein, D. N., Ouimette, P. C., Riso, L. P., Anderson, R. L., & Donaldson, S. K. (1995). Reports of the childhood home environment in early-onset dysthymia and episodic major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 132–139.
Lloyd, C., & Miller, P. (1997). The relationship of parental style to depression and self-esteem in adulthood. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 655–663.
MacKinnon, A., Henderson, A. S., & Andrews, G. (1993). Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression: A risk factor refined. Psychological Medicine, 23, 135–141.
MacMillan, H. L., Fleming, J. E., Streiner, D. L., Lin, E., Boyle, M. H., Jamieson, E., et al. (2001). Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1878–1883.
Manian, N., Strauman, T. J., & Denney, N. (1998). Temperament, recalled parenting styles, and self-regulation: Testing the developmental postulates of self-discrepancy theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1321–1332.
Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (1996). Abuse-related attributions and perceptions, general attributions, and locus of control in sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11, 162–180.
Martin, G., & Waite, S. (1994). Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 246–254.
Maughan, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children's emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 1525–1542.
McCranie, E. W., & Bass, J. D. (1984). Childhood family antecedents of dependency and self-criticism: Implications for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 3–8.
McGarvey, E. L., Kryhanovskaya, C. K., Waite, D., & Canterbury, R. J. (1999). Incarcerated adolescents’ distress and suicidality in relation to parental bonding styles. Crisis, 20, 164–170.
Meadows, L. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2002). Hopelessness as mediator of the link between reports of a history of child maltreatment and suicidality in African American women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 657–674.
Mendelson, T., Robins, C. J., & Johnson, C. S. (2002). Relations among sociotropy and autonomy to developmental experiences among psychiatric patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 189–198.
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 461–471.
Mueser, K. T., Goodman, L. B., Trumbetta, S. L., Rosenberg, S. D., Osher, F. C., Vidaver, R., et al. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 493–499.
Muris, P., Meesters, G., Schouten, E., & Hoge, E. (2004). Effects of perceived control on the relationship between perceived parental rearing behaviors and symptoms of anxiety and depression in nonclinical preadolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 51–58.
Neale, M. C., Walters, E., Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., Perusse, D., Eaves, L. J., et al. (1994). Depression and parental bonding: Cause, consequence, or genetic covariance? Genetic Epidemiology, 11, 503–522.
Neeren, A. M., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2005). The association of negative parenting and maltreatment with bipolar spectrum diagnosis. Manuscript under editorial review.
Nilzon, K. R., & Palmerus, K. (1997). The influence of familial factors on anxiety and depression in childhood and early adolescence. Adolescence, 32, 935–943.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of the depressive episode. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.
Nomura, Y., Wickramaratine, P. J., Warner, V. M., Mufson, L., & Weissman, M. M. (2002). Family discord, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring: Ten-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 402–409.
Oakley-Brown, M. A., Joyce, P. R., Wells, J. E., Bushnell, J. A., & Hornblow, A. R. (1995). Adverse parenting and other childhood experience as risk factors for depression in women aged 18–44 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 13–23.
Oliver, J. M., & Berger, L. S. (1992). Depression, parent-offspring relationships, and cognitive vulnerability. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 415–429.
Oliver, J. M., & Paull, J. C. (1995). Self-esteem and self-efficacy: Perceived parenting and family climate; and depression in university students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 467–481.
Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published effects of child sexual abuse. The Journal of Psychology, 135, 17–36.
Parker, G. (1979). Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 138–147.
Parker, G. (1983). Parental ‘affectionless control’ as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 138–147.
Parker, G. (1993). Parental rearing style: Examining for links with personality vulnerability factors for depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 97–100.
Parker, G., Gladstone, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, R., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Austin, M. (1997). Dysfunctional parenting: Over-representation in non-melancholic depression and capacity of such specificity to refine sub-typing depression measures. Psychiatry Research, 73, 57–71.
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Greenwald, S., & Weissman, M. (1995). Low parental care as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 173–180.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 1–11.
Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Posterino, M., Carlin, J. B., & Wolfe, R. (2001). Parental ‘affectionless control’ in adolescent depressive disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 475–480.
Perris, C., Arrindell, E., Perris, H., Eisemann, J., Van der Ende, J. V., & Von Knorring, L. (1986). Perceived depriving parental rearing and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 170–175.
Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Indstrom, H., von Knorring, L., & Perris, H. (1980). Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behavior. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 265–274.
Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Development, 72, 583–598.
Plomin, R., & Crabbe, J. (2000). DNA. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 806–828.
Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S., Xing, G., & Weiss, S. B. (2001). Developmental vulnerabilities to the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 581–598.
Putnam, F. W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269–278.
Randolph, J. J., & Dykman, B. M. (1998). Perceptions of parenting and depression-proneness in the offspring: Dysfunctional attitudes as a mediating mechanism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 377–400.
Rey, J. M. (1995). Perceptions of poor maternal care are associated with adolescent depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 95–100.
Rich, D. J., Gingerich, K. J., & Rosen, L. A. (1997). Childhood emotional abuse and associated psychopathology in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 11, 13–28.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22–53.
Rodgers, B. (1996). Reported parental behaviour and adult affective symptoms: 1. Associations and moderating factors. Psychological Medicine, 26, 51–61.
Rojo-Moreno, L., Livianos-Aldana, L., Cervera-Martinez, G., & Dominguez-Carabantes, J. A. (1999). Rearing style and depressive disorder in adulthood: A controlled studying in a Spanish clinical sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 548–554.
Rose, D. T., & Abramson, L. Y. (1992). Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive styles: Research and theory. In D. Cicchetti & S. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology (Vol. 4, pp. 323–349). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rose, D. T., Abramson, L. Y., Hodulik, C. J., Halberstadt, L., & Leff, G. (1994). Heterogeneity of cognitive style among depressed inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 419–429.
Rosenfarb, I. S., Becker, J., & Khan, A. (1994). Perceptions of parental and peer attachments by women with mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 637–644.
Runyon, M. K., & Kenny, M. C. (2002). Relationship of attributional style, depression, and posttrauma distress among children who suffered physical or sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 7, 254–264.
Sato, T., Sakado, K., Uehara, T., Narita, T., Hirano, S., Nishioka, K., et al. (1998). Dysfunctional parenting as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a sample of employed Japanese adults: Evidence for ‘affectionless control’ hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 28, 737–742.
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). A configurational analysis of children's reports of parent behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 252–257.
Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children's reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424.
Shah, R., & Waller, G. D. (2000). Parental style and vulnerability to depression: The role of core beliefs. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 19–25.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349–363.
Shields, A., Ryan, R. M., & Cicchetti, D. (2001). Narrative representations of caregivers and emotion dysregulation as predictors of maltreated children's rejection by peers. Developmental Psychology, 37, 321–337.
Shipman, K. L., & Zeman, J. (2001). Socialization of children's emotion dysregulation in mother-child dyads: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 317–336.
Shipman, K. L., Zeman, J., Penza, S., & Champion, K. (2000). Emotion management in sexually maltreated and nonmaltreated girls: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 47– 62.
Silverman, A. B., Reinherz, H. Z., & Giaconia, R. M. (1996). The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 709–723.
Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2002). Who becomes a depressive ruminator? Developmental antecedents of ruminative response style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 405–419.
Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Halligan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 1247–1258.
Stark, K. D., Schmidt, K. L., & Joiner, T. E. (1996). Cognitive triad: Relationship to depressive symptoms, parents’ cognitive triad, and perceived parental messages. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 615–631.
Stein, D., Williamson, D. E., Birmaher, B., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., et al. (2000). Parent–child bonding and family functioning in depressed children and children at high and low risk for future depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1387–1395.
Steinberg, J. A., Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (2003). Childhood emotional maltreatment, cognitive vulnerability to depression, and self-referent information processing in adulthood: Reciprocal relations. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 17, 347–358.
Stone, N. (1993). Parental abuse as a precursor to childhood onset of depression and suicidality. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24, 13–24.
Tiggerman, M., Winefield, H. R., Goldney, R. D., & Winefield, A. H. (1992). Attributional and parental rearing as predictors of psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 835–841.
Toth, S. L., Cicchetti, D., & Kim, J. (2002). Relations among children's perceptions of maternal behavior, attributional styles, and behavioural symptomatology in maltreated children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 487–500.
Turk, E., & Bry, B. H. (1992). Adolescents’ and parents’ explanatory styles and parents’ causal explanations about their adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 349–357.
Wainwright, N. W. J., & Surtees, P. G. (2002). Childhood adversity, gender and depression over the life-course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 72, 33–44.
Wenninger, K., & Ehlers, A. (1998). Dysfunctional cognitions and adult psychological functioning in child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 281–300.
Wexler, B. E., Lyons, L., Lyons, H., & Mazure, C. M. (1997). Physical and sexual abuse during childhood and development of psychiatric illnesses during adulthood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 522–534.
Whiffen, V. E., Thompson, J. M., & Aube, J. A. (2000). Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and adult depressive symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 1100–1120.
Whisman, M. A., & Kwon, P. (1992). Parental representations, cognitive distortions, and mild depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 557–568.
Wise, L. A., Zierler, S., Krieger, N., & Harlow, B. L. (2001). Adult onset of major depressive disorder in relation to early violent victimization: A case control study. Lancet, 358, 881–887.
Zenmore, R., & Rinholm, J. (1989). Vulnerability to depression as a function of parental rejection and control. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 21, 364–376.
Zuravin, S. J., & Fontanella, C. (1999). The relationship between child sexual abuse and major depression among low-income women: A function of growing up experiences? Child Maltreatment, 4, 3–12.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Preparation of this article was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grants MH 52617 to Lauren B. Alloy and 52662 to Lyn Y. Abramson.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., Smith, J.M. et al. Role of Parenting and Maltreatment Histories in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders: Mediation by Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 9, 23–64 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-006-0002-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-006-0002-4