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Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics, and cancer: tying it all together

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Abstract

While only a small part of the human genome encodes for proteins, biological functions for the so-called junk genome are increasingly being recognized through high-throughput technologies and mechanistic experimental studies. Indeed, novel mechanisms of gene regulation are being discovered that require coordinated interaction between DNA, RNA, and proteins. Therefore, interdisciplinary efforts are still needed to decipher these complex transcriptional networks. In this review, we discuss how non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are epigenetically regulated in cancer and metastases and consequently how ncRNAs participate in the sculpting of the epigenetic profile of a cancer cell, thus modulating the expression of other RNA molecules. In the latter case, ncRNAs not only affect the DNA methylation status of certain genomic loci but also interact with histone-modifying complexes, changing the structure of the chromatin itself. We present several examples of epigenetic changes causing aberrant expression of ncRNAs in the context of tumor progression. Interestingly, there are also important epigenetic changes and transcriptional regulatory effects derived from their aberrant expression. As ncRNAs can also be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis or explored as potential targets, we present insights into the use of ncRNAs for targeted cancer therapy.

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  1. Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Humberto J. Ferreira & Manel Esteller

  2. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Manel Esteller

  3. Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Manel Esteller

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Ferreira, H.J., Esteller, M. Non-coding RNAs, epigenetics, and cancer: tying it all together. Cancer Metastasis Rev 37, 55–73 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-017-9715-8

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