Abstract
Introduction
Cervical cancer mortality can be prevented through early detection with screening methods such as Pap and high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) tests; however, only 81% of women aged 21–65 are up-to-date on screening. Many interventions to increase cervical cancer screening have been implemented, but there is limited understanding about which intervention components are most successful.
Methods
We conducted a scoping review of existing literature and available resources for cervical cancer screening interventions to identify gaps in the research. We used t tests and correlations to identify associations among intervention components and effect sizes.
Results
Out of nine studies, the mean overall effect size for interventions was 11.3% increase in Pap testing for cervical cancer screening (range = − 4–24%). Interventions that included community health workers or one-on-one interaction had the biggest effect size (p < 0.05). No associations with effect size were noted for literacy level, number of intervention components, or targeting by race/ethnicity.
Conclusions
Future interventions may include educational sessions with community health workers or one-on-one patient interaction to improve cervical cancer screening. Further research is needed to establish effect sizes for large-scale interventions and hrHPV screening interventions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.
References
American Cancer Society (2020) Key statistics for cervical cancer. Accessed 7 July 2020
National Cancer Institute (2020) Cancer stat facts: cervical cancer. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html. Accessed 7 July 2020
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) What can I do to reduce my risk of cervical cancer? [updated August 7, 2019]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/prevention.html. Accessed 7 July 2020
National Cancer Institute (2020) Cervical cancer screening. Available from: https://progressreport.cancer.gov/detection/cervical_cancer. Accessed 7 July 2020
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2018) Cervical cancer: screening. Available from: https://health.gov/healthypeople/tools-action/browse-evidence-based-resources/cervical-cancer-screening. Accessed 7 July 2020
Armstrong R, Hall BJ, Doyle J, Waters E (2011) Cochrane update. ‘Scoping the scope’ of a cochrane review. J Public Health (Oxf) 33(1):147–150
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG (2009) Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42(2):377–381
Walsh TM, Volsko TA (2008) Readability assessment of internet-based consumer health information. Respir Care 53(10):1310–1315
Blumenthal DS, Fort JG, Ahmed NU, Semenya KA, Schreiber GB, Perry S et al (2005) Impact of a two-city community cancer prevention intervention on African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 97(11):1479–1488
Braun KL, Thomas WL Jr, Domingo JL, Allison AL, Ponce A, HaunaniKamakana P et al (2015) Reducing cancer screening disparities in medicare beneficiaries through cancer patient navigation. J Am Geriatr Soc 63(2):365–370
Fernández ME, Gonzales A, Tortolero-Luna G, Williams J, Saavedra-Embesi M, Chan W et al (2009) Effectiveness of Cultivando la Salud: a breast and cervical cancer screening promotion program for low-income Hispanic women. Am J Public Health 99(5):936–943
Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Vida P, Warda US (2003) Results of a randomized trial to increase breast and cervical cancer screening among Filipino American women. Prev Med 37(2):102–109
Paskett ED, Tatum CM, D’Agostino R Jr, Rushing J, Velez R, Michielutte R et al (1999) Community-based interventions to improve breast and cervical cancer screening: results of the Forsyth County Cancer Screening (FoCaS) Project. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 8(5):453–459
Studts CR, Tarasenko YN, Schoenberg NE, Shelton BJ, Hatcher-Keller J, Dignan MB (2012) A community-based randomized trial of a faith-placed intervention to reduce cervical cancer burden in Appalachia. Prev Med 54(6):408–414
Taylor VM, Hislop TG, Jackson JC, Tu SP, Yasui Y, Schwartz SM et al (2002) A randomized controlled trial of interventions to promote cervical cancer screening among Chinese women in North America. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(9):670–677
Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Yasui Y, Nguyen TT, Woodall E, Acorda E et al (2010) Evaluation of a cervical cancer control intervention using lay health workers for Vietnamese American women. Am J Public Health 100(10):1924–1929
Thompson B, Carosso EA, Jhingan E, Wang L, Holte SE, Byrd TL et al (2017) Results of a randomized controlled trial to increase cervical cancer screening among rural Latinas. Cancer 123(4):666–674
Wells KJ, Luque JS, Miladinovic B, Vargas N, Asvat Y, Roetzheim RG et al (2011) Do community health worker interventions improve rates of screening mammography in the United States? A systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 20(8):1580–1598
Frieden TR (2010) A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health 100(4):590–595
Buskwofie A, David-West G, Clare CA (2020) A review of cervical cancer: incidence and disparities. J Natl Med Assoc 112(2):229–232
Schapira MM, Swartz S, Ganschow PS, Jacobs EA, Neuner JM, Walker CM et al (2017) Tailoring educational and behavioral interventions to level of health literacy: a systematic review. MDM Policy Pract 2(1):2381468317714474
Davidson EM, Liu JJ, Bhopal R, White M, Johnson MR, Netto G et al (2013) Behavior change interventions to improve the health of racial and ethnic minority populations: a tool kit of adaptation approaches. Milbank Q 91(4):811–851
Joober R, Schmitz N, Annable L, Boksa P (2012) Publication bias: what are the challenges and can they be overcome? J Psychiatry Neurosci 37:149–152
Yeh PT, Kennedy CE, de Vuyst H, Narasimhan M (2019) Self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 4:e001351
Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Ortiz AP, Fedewa SA, Pinheiro PS, Tortolero-Luna G et al (2018) Cancer statistics for Hispanics/Latinos, 2018. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):425–445
American Society of Clinical Oncology (2020) Cervical cancer: statistics. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/statistics. Accessed 7 July 2020
Acknowledgments
Funding for this project came from K22 CA225705 (PI: Moss) and an Institutional Research Grant, IRG-17-175-04, from the American Cancer Society (PI: Moss). In addition, the project described was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through UL1 TR002014 and UL1 TR00045. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Popalis, M.L., Ramirez, S.I., Leach, K.M. et al. Improving cervical cancer screening rates: a scoping review of resources and interventions. Cancer Causes Control 33, 1325–1333 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-022-01618-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-022-01618-2