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Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: a meta-analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

Alcohol is a confirmed risk factor of liver cancer. Yet, its dose–response function and synergistic effects with other risk factors remain unclear.

Methods

We performed a meta-analysis on publications up to May 2014. A total of 112 publications were identified. The meta-relative risk (mRR) and the dose–response trend were calculated. Tests for heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analyses were performed. The synergy index (SI) was recorded or calculated, whenever possible.

Results

Compared to individuals who never drank or drank at very low frequencies, the mRR for ever drinkers was 1.29 (95 % confidence interval, CI 1.16–1.42) and 1.46 (95 % CI 1.27–1.65) for case–control studies, and 1.07 (95 % CI 0.87–1.27) for cohort studies. Being a current drinker was associated with an increased liver cancer risk in case–control studies (mRR = 1.55, 95 % CI 0.38–2.73), but not in cohort studies (mRR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.74–0.97). The dose–response relation between alcohol and liver cancer was apparent with RR = 1.08 (95 % CI 1.04–1.11) for 12 g/day (~1 drink), 1.54 (95 % CI 1.36–1.74) for 50 g/day, 2.14 (95 % CI 1.74–2.62) for 75 g/day, 3.21 (95 % CI 2.34–4.40) for 100 g/day, and 5.20 (95 % CI 3.25–8.29) for 125 g/day of alcohol consumption. There were synergistic effects of alcohol consumption with hepatitis (S = 2.14, 95 % CI 1.31–2.98) and with diabetes (S = 3.57, 95 % CI 2.29–4.84) on the risk of liver cancer, although this may be subject to publication bias.

Conclusion

Overall, one alcoholic drink per day (~12 g/day) may be associated with a 1.1 times higher liver cancer risk. Further studies on the synergistic effects of alcohol consumption and other major risk factors are warranted.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institutes of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan

    Shu-Chun Chuang & Guo-Jie Wu

  2. Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA

    Yuan-Chin Amy Lee & Mia Hashibe

  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

    Kurt Straif

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  1. Shu-Chun Chuang
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  2. Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
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  3. Guo-Jie Wu
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  4. Kurt Straif
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  5. Mia Hashibe
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mia Hashibe.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 5 and Figs. 5, 6, and 7.

Table 5 Summary characteristics of the special clinical cohorts on alcohol drinking and liver cancer
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Appendix 2

See Table 6.

Table 6 Stratified mRR and 95 % CI of alcohol drinking and liver cancer risk, incidence studies only
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Chuang, SC., Lee, YC.A., Wu, GJ. et al. Alcohol consumption and liver cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 26, 1205–1231 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0615-3

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