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Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in California Hispanics: Influence of nativity and tumor Epstein–Barr virus

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Abstract

Purpose

For classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), migrant studies could elucidate contributions of environmental factors (including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)) to the lower rates in non-whites. Given the well-described etiologic complexity of HL, this research requires a large, immigrant population, such as California Hispanics.

Methods

With 1988–2004 California Cancer Registry data (2,595 Hispanic, 8,637 white HL cases) and tumor cell EBV status on a subset (218 Hispanics, 656 whites), we calculated ethnicity- and nativity-specific HL incidence rates simultaneously by age, sex, and histologic subtype, and tumor cell EBV prevalence.

Results

Compared with white rates, Hispanic HL rates were lower overall (70 %) and for nodular sclerosis HL, particularly among young adults (60–65 % for females). However, they were higher among children (200 %) and older adults, and for mixed cellularity HL. Compared with rates in foreign-born Hispanics, rates in US-born Hispanics were higher among young adults (>threefold in females), lower for children and adults over age 70, and consistently intermediate compared with rates in whites. EBV tumor prevalence was 67, 32, and 23 % among foreign-born Hispanics, US-born Hispanics, and whites, respectively, although with variation by age, sex, and histology.

Conclusions

Findings strongly implicate environmental influences, such as nativity-related sociodemographic differences, on HL occurrence. In addition, lower young adult rates and higher EBV prevalence in US-born Hispanics than in whites raise questions about the duration/extent of environmental change for affecting HL rates and also point to ethnic differences in genetic susceptibility. Lesser variation in mixed cellularity HL rates and greater variation in rates for females across groups suggest less modifiable factors interacting with environmental influences.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported in part by NCI funds R01CA65661, R03CA63245, and N01-PC-65107 (SEER Rapid Response Surveillance Study mechanism) to Dr. Glaser; and P50CA096888 to Dr. Richard Ambinder. The authors thank the late Sarah Shema, Daphne Lichtensztajn, Rita Leung, and Kristine Winters for their contributions. The collection of cancer incidence data used in this study was supported by the California Department of Health Services as part of the statewide cancer-reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code, Section 103885; by the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program under contracts N01-PC-35136 awarded to the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, N02-PC-15105 awarded to the Public Health Institute, HHSN261201000140C awarded to the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, HHSN261201000035C awarded to the University of Southern California, and HHSN261201000034C awarded to the Public Health Institute; and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Program of Cancer Registries, under agreements U55/CCR921930-02 awarded to the Public Health Institute and U58DP003862-01 awarded to the California Department of Public Health. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s), and endorsement by the State of California Department of Public Health, the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or their contractors and subcontractors is not intended nor should be inferred.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA

    S. L. Glaser, C. A. Clarke, J. Yang, S. L. Gomez & T. H. Keegan

  2. Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94306, USA

    S. L. Glaser, C. A. Clarke, E. T. Chang, S. L. Gomez & T. H. Keegan

  3. Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc., 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    E. T. Chang

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  1. S. L. Glaser
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  2. C. A. Clarke
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  3. E. T. Chang
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  4. J. Yang
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  5. S. L. Gomez
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  6. T. H. Keegan
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Correspondence to S. L. Glaser.

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Glaser, S.L., Clarke, C.A., Chang, E.T. et al. Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in California Hispanics: Influence of nativity and tumor Epstein–Barr virus. Cancer Causes Control 25, 709–725 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0374-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0374-6

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