Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives: The risk of some cancers is positively associated with body weight, which may influence circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, insulin and IGF-I. Interrelationships between these hormones and the associations with adiposity were evaluated in healthy women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on anthropometric and hormonal data from 743 pre- and 1217 postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were used as indicators of adiposity. C-peptide, Insulin Growth Factor (IGF)-I, Insulin Growth Factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, androgens, estrogens and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by immunoassays; free sex steroid concentrations were calculated.

Results: BMI and waist circumference were positively correlated with estrogens in postmenopausal women and with C-peptide, free testosterone and inversely with SHBG in all women. C-peptide and IGF-I were inversely correlated with SHBG, and positively with free sex steroids in postmenopausal women. IGF-I was positively associated with postmenopausal estrogens and androgen concentrations in all women.

Conclusions: Sex-steroid concentrations appear to be regulated along several axes. Adiposity correlated directly with estrogens in postmenopausal women and with insulin, resulting in lower SHBG and increased levels of free sex steroids. Independent of adiposity and insulin, IGF-I was associated with decreased SHBG levels, and increased concentrations of androgens and postmenopausal estrogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. EE Calle C Rodriguez K Walker-Thurmond MJ Thun (2003) ArticleTitleOverweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults N Engl J Med 348 1625–1638 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMoa021423 Occurrence Handle12711737

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. SY Pan KC Johnson AM Ugnat SW Wen Y Mao (2004) ArticleTitleAssociation of obesity and cancer risk in Canada Am J Epidemiol 159 259–268 Occurrence Handle14742286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. A Bergstrom P Pisani V Tenet A Wolk HO Adami (2001) ArticleTitleOverweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe Int J Cancer 91 421–430 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7jvFeisQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11169969

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. A Wolk G Gridley M Svensson et al. (2001) ArticleTitleA prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden) Cancer Causes Control 12 13–21 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ksVyluw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11227921

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. TJ Key NE Allen PK Verkasalo E Banks (2001) ArticleTitleEnergy balance and cancer: the role of sex hormones Proc Nutr Soc 60 81–89 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitlKmt7s%3D Occurrence Handle11310427

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. R Kaaks A Lukanova (2001) ArticleTitleEnergy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I Proc Nutr Soc 60 91–106 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitlKmt7g%3D Occurrence Handle11310428

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. H Vainio F. Bianchini (Eds) (2002) In: Metabolic consequences of overweight, underweight and physical activity/inactivity. Weight Control and Physical Activity. IARC Press Lyon, France 53–82

    Google Scholar 

  8. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiologic evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer. In press

  9. DB Boyd (2003) ArticleTitleInsulin and cancer Integr Cancer Ther 2 315–329 Occurrence Handle10.1177/1534735403259152 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVSjsbvN Occurrence Handle14713323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. H Yu T Rohan (2000) ArticleTitleRole of the insulin-like growth factor family in cancer development and progression J Natl Cancer Inst 92 1472–1489 Occurrence Handle10.1093/jnci/92.18.1472 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntFKqsrw%3D Occurrence Handle10995803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. AG Renehan M Zwahlen C Minder ST O’Dwyer SM Shalet M Egger (2004) ArticleTitleInsulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis Lancet 363 1346–1353 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16044-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtl2lsL0%3D Occurrence Handle15110491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. A Lukanova E Lundin A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte et al. (2004) ArticleTitleBody mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women Eur J Endocrinol 150 161–171 Occurrence Handle10.1530/eje.0.1500161 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXitVWltbo%3D Occurrence Handle14763914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. JA Janssen RP Stolk HA Pols DE Grobbee FH Jong Particlede SW Lamberts (1998) ArticleTitleSerum free IGF-I, total IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in an elderly population: relation to age and sex steroid levels Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48 471–478 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00300.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjs12ksbs%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J Pfeilschifter C Scheidt-Nave G. Leidig-Bruckner et al. (1996) ArticleTitleRelationship between circulating insulin-like growth factor components and sex hormones in a population-based sample of 50- to 80-year-old men and women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 2534–2540 Occurrence Handle10.1210/jc.81.7.2534 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XktFaktrk%3D Occurrence Handle8675573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. SI Helle D Ekse JM Holly PE Lonning (2002) ArticleTitleThe IGF-system in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: relations to demographic variables and sex-steroids J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 81 95–102 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00052-3 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsVKgs74%3D Occurrence Handle12127047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. E Riboli KJ Hunt N. Slimani et al. (2002) ArticleTitleEuropean Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): study populations and data collection Public Health Nutr 5 1113–1124 Occurrence Handle10.1079/PHN2002394 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7is1Ohsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12639222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. S Rinaldi A Geay H. Dechaud et al. (2002) ArticleTitleValidity of free testosterone and free estradiol determinations in serum samples from postmenopausal women by theoretical calculations Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 1065–1071 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1ekurs%3D Occurrence Handle12376508

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. NE Allen PN Appleby R Kaaks S Rinaldi GK Davey TJ Key (2003) ArticleTitleLifestyle determinants of serum insulin-like growth-factor-I (IGF-I), C-peptide and hormone binding protein levels in British women Cancer Causes Control 14 65–74 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1022518321634 Occurrence Handle12708727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. A Lukanova S Soderberg P. Stattin et al. (2002) ArticleTitleNonlinear relationship of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-I/IGF-binding protein-3 ratio with indices of adiposity and plasma insulin concentrations (Sweden) Cancer Causes Control 13 509–516 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1016392129279 Occurrence Handle12195640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. R Kaaks C Bellati E. Venturelli et al. (2003) ArticleTitleEffects of dietary intervention on IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins, and related alterations in sex steroid metabolism: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomised Trial Eur J Clin Nutr 57 1079–1088 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601647 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmslemtb8%3D Occurrence Handle12947426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. JF Dorgan ME Reichman JT. Judd et al. (1995) ArticleTitleThe relation of body size to plasma levels of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women (Maryland, United States) Cancer Causes Control 6 3–8 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00051674 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqB3svoslA%3D Occurrence Handle7718732

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. SA Kaye AR Folsom JT Soler RJ Prineas JD Potter (1991) ArticleTitleAssociations of body mass and fat distribution with sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women Int J Epidemiol 20 151–156 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6B1MzpsFc%3D Occurrence Handle2066214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. A McTiernan KB Rajan SS. Tworoger et al. (2003) ArticleTitleAdiposity and sex hormones in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors J Clin Oncol 21 1961–1966 Occurrence Handle10.1200/JCO.2003.07.057 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptlCksbo%3D Occurrence Handle12743149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. F Wu R Ames MC Evans JT France IR Reid (2001) ArticleTitleDeterminants of sex hormone-binding globulin in normal postmenopausal women Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54 81–87 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitFCisr4%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. D Bernasconi P Del Monte M. Meozzi et al. (1996) ArticleTitleThe impact of obesity on hormonal parameters in hirsute and nonhirsute women Metabolism 45 72–75 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xkt1Shug%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. JC Crave H Lejeune C Brebant C Baret M Pugeat (1995) ArticleTitleDifferential effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I on the production of plasma steroid-binding globulins by human hepatoblastoma-derived (Hep G2) cells J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 1283–1289 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkvFejs70%3D Occurrence Handle7536204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. D Goodman-Gruen E Barrett-Connor (1997) ArticleTitleEpidemiology of insulin-like growth factor-I in elderly men and women. The Rancho Bernardo Study Am J Epidemiol 145 970–976 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiA3Mzjt1I%3D Occurrence Handle9169905

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. SE Hankinson JE Manson D Spiegelman WC Willett C Longcope FE Speizer (1995) ArticleTitleReproducibility of plasma hormone levels in postmenopausal women over a 2–3-year period Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4 649–654 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXoslKitrY%3D Occurrence Handle8547832

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. R Kaaks A Lukanova MS Kurzer (2002) ArticleTitleObesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 1531–1543 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmsF2msQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12496040

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. J Holte T Bergh G Gennarelli L Wide (1994) ArticleTitleThe independent effects of polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity on serum concentrations of gonadotrophins and sex steroids in premenopausal women Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41 473–481 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFynsbk%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. R Kaaks (1996) ArticleTitleNutrition, hormones, and breast cancer: is insulin the missing link? Cancer Causes Control 7 605–625 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD1cnovFY%3D Occurrence Handle8932921

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. L Poretsky NA Cataldo Z Rosenwaks LC Giudice (1999) ArticleTitleThe insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease Endocr Rev 20 535–582 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvVOnsb0%3D Occurrence Handle10453357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. JF Randolph SuffixJr. M Sowers EB. Gold et al. (2003) ArticleTitleReproductive hormones in the early menopausal transition: relationship to ethnicity, body size, and menopausal status J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 1516–1522 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtFCls78%3D Occurrence Handle12679432

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. DJ Evans RG Hoffmann RK Kalkhoff AH Kissebah (1983) ArticleTitleRelationship of androgenic activity to body fat topography, fat cell morphology, and metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57 304–310 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXltFKgurs%3D Occurrence Handle6345569

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. MF Sowers JL Beebe D McConnell J Randolph M Jannausch (2001) ArticleTitleTestosterone concentrations in women aged 25–50 years: associations with lifestyle, body composition, and ovarian status Am J Epidemiol 153 256–264 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzmslKjtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11157413

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. P Acien F Quereda P. Matallin et al. (1999) ArticleTitleInsulin, androgens, and obesity in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome: a heterogeneous group of disorders Fertil Steril 72 32–40 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzlsFSquw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10428145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. TL Penttila P Koskinen TA Penttila L Anttila K Irjala (1999) ArticleTitleObesity regulates bioavailable testosterone levels in women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome Fertil Steril 71 457–461 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7mtlKltw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10065782

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. TJ Key PN Appleby GK. Reeves et al. (2003) ArticleTitleBody mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1218–1226 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlWqsb8%3D Occurrence Handle12928347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. JA Cauley JP Gutai LH Kuller D LeDonne JG Powell (1989) ArticleTitleThe epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women Am J Epidemiol 129 1120–1131 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaB2s%2FktlU%3D Occurrence Handle2729251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. C Westhoff G Gentile J Lee H Zacur D Helbig (1996) ArticleTitlePredictors of ovarian steroid secretion in reproductive-age women Am J Epidemiol 144 381–388 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymA3MnnvVc%3D Occurrence Handle8712195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. C Bergh JH Olsson T Hillensjo (1991) ArticleTitleEffect of insulin-like growth factor I on steroidogenesis in cultured human granulosa cells Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 125 177–185 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlvF2lsbc%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. C Bergh B Carlsson JH Olsson U Selleskog T Hillensjo (1993) ArticleTitleRegulation of androgen production in cultured human thecal cells by insulin-like growth factor I and insulin Fertil Steril 59 323–331 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC2cnhvVA%3D Occurrence Handle8425626

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. C Fottner D Engelhardt MM Weber (1998) ArticleTitleRegulation of steroidogenesis by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in adult human adrenocortical cells: IGF-I and, more potently, IGF-II preferentially enhance androgen biosynthesis through interaction with the IGF-I receptor and IGF-binding proteins J Endocrinol 158 409–417 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmtVWksL0%3D Occurrence Handle9846170

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. S Greisen T Ledet P Ovesen (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of androstenedione, insulin and luteinizing hormone on steroidogenesis in human granulosa luteal cells Hum Reprod 16 2061–2065 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvVGhtb4%3D Occurrence Handle11574492

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. GA Hines ER Smith R Azziz (2001) ArticleTitleInfluence of insulin and testosterone on adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro: preliminary studies Fertil Steril 76 730–735 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrksVGktg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11591406

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. T Kalme H Koistinen M Loukovaara R Koistinen P Leinonen (2003) ArticleTitleComparative studies on the regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) production by insulin and insulin-like growth factors in human hepatoma cells J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86 197–200 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1yrt70%3D Occurrence Handle14568572

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. H Yu XO Shu BD. Li et al. (2003) ArticleTitleJoint effect of insulin-like growth factors and sex steroids on breast cancer risk Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 1067–1073 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosVCqsr8%3D Occurrence Handle14578144

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. C Livingstone M Collison (2002) ArticleTitleSex steroids and insulin resistance Clin Sci (Lond) 102 151–166 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1Wrur4%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. O Arisaka M Hoshi S. Kanazawa et al. (2001) ArticleTitleSystemic effects of transdermal testosterone for the treatment of microphallus in children Pediatr Int 43 134–136 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjs1Sltb4%3D Occurrence Handle11285063

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. KK Ho AJ O’Sullivan AJ Weissberger JJ Kelly (1996) ArticleTitleSex steroid regulation of growth hormone secretion and action Horm Res 45 67–73 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XpvFSjsQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France

    Irene D. Bezemer, Sabina Rinaldi, Laure Dossus, Bertrand Hémon, Teresa Norat, Elio Riboli & Rudolf Kaaks

  2. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Irene D. Bezemer, Carla H. van. Gils, Petra H. M. Peeters & Paulus A. H. van. Noord

  3. Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita

  4. Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

    Soren Paaske Johnsen & Kim Overvad

  5. Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anja Olsen & Anne Tjønneland

  6. Department of Epidemiology, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany

    Heiner Boeing & Petra H. Lahmann

  7. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany

    Jakob Linseisen & Gabriele Nagel

  8. Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research UK, Oxford, UK

    Naomi Allen & Andrew Roddam

  9. MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Welcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, UK

    Sheila Bingham

  10. Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

    Kay-Tee Khaw

  11. Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM, Villejuif, France

    Emmanuelle Kesse, Bertrand Téhard & Françoise Clavel-Chapelon

  12. Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain

    Antonio Agudo

  13. Public Health Institute of Navarra, Spain

    Eva Ardanaz

  14. Health Council of Asturias, Spain

    J. R. Quiros

  15. Health Department of Basque Country, Spain

    Pilar Amiano

  16. Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain

    Martínez-Garcia C

  17. Epidemiology Department, Murcia Health Council, Murcia, Spain

    M. J. Tormo

  18. National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy

    Valeria Pala

  19. Department for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy

    Salvatore Panico

  20. University of Torino and Imperial College London, London, UK

    Paolo Vineis

  21. Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy

    Domenico Palli

  22. Cancer Registry of Sicily, Ragusa, Italy

    Rosario Tumino

  23. University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

    Antonia Trichopoulou, N. Baibas & D. Zilis

Authors
  1. Irene D. Bezemer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sabina Rinaldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Laure Dossus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Carla H. van. Gils
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Petra H. M. Peeters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Paulus A. H. van. Noord
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Soren Paaske Johnsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Kim Overvad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Anja Olsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Anne Tjønneland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Heiner Boeing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Petra H. Lahmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Jakob Linseisen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Gabriele Nagel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Naomi Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Andrew Roddam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Sheila Bingham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Kay-Tee Khaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Emmanuelle Kesse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Bertrand Téhard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Antonio Agudo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Eva Ardanaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. J. R. Quiros
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Pilar Amiano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Martínez-Garcia C
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. M. J. Tormo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Valeria Pala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Salvatore Panico
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Paolo Vineis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Domenico Palli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Rosario Tumino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Antonia Trichopoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. N. Baibas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. D. Zilis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Bertrand Hémon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Teresa Norat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. Elio Riboli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Rudolf Kaaks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rudolf Kaaks.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bezemer, I.D., Rinaldi, S., Dossus, L. et al. C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control 16, 561–572 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-7472-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-7472-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation