Abstract
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively undeveloped concept despite its increasing importance to corporations. One difficulty is the possible inexactness of CSR. Another is the apparent reluctance by regulatory authorities and policy makers to intervene in the area. This is largely a result of inhibitions created by traditional approaches to company law with emphasis on shareholder protection and financial disclosure. The consequence is the stultification of independent development of CSR by tying social issues to financial performance. This attitude might not be unconnected to the theoretical and practical challenges in justifying CSR and defining its scope. The underlying impediment is a factual and theoretical failure to distinguish ‘instrumental’ and ‘pure’ (ethical) CSR. This article demonstrates that ethical CSR highlights the role of regulation, and a principal stance is that regulation is neither incompatible nor irreconcilable with ethical CSR. The article argues that cognizance of the intrinsic moral justification of ‘pure’ CSR is required for delineating the scope of CSR as well as for clarifying the desirability and extent of its regulation. It argues that the dynamic history and visage of multinational corporate corruption illuminates the fluidity of the regulation–CSR relationship. The current and widening backlash against transnational corporate corruption is, arguably, a demonstration of the position that regulation and CSR are not mutually exclusive and absolute concepts. This article submits that recognition and application of this ‘ethical’ and ‘instrumental’ CSR distinction is fundamental to the development of CSR and resolution of connected questions of regulation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akçay, S.: 2006, ‘Corruption and Human Development’. CATO Journal 26(1), 29-48.
Alam, M.S.: 1989, ‘Anatomy of Corruption: An Approach to the Political Economy of Underdevelopment’. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 48(4), 441-456.
Alesina, A. and B. Weder: 2002, ‘Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?.’ The American Economic Review 92, 1126-1137.
Alldridge, P.: 2002, ‘The Law Relating to Free Lunches’. Company Lawyer 23(9), 264-273.
Alldridge, P.: 2008, ‘Reforming Bribery: Law Commission Consultation Paper 185- 1 Bribery Reform and the Law- -Again’. Criminal Law Review 9, 671-686.
Anderson, C.J. and Y.V. Tverdova: 2003, ‘Corruption, Political Allegiances and Attitudes Toward Government in Contemporary Democracies’. American Journal of Political Science 47(1), 91- 109.
Argandoňa, A. and H. von Weltzien Hoivik: 2009, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: One Size Does Not Fit All. Collecting Evidence from Europe’. Journal of Business Ethics 89, 221-234.
Argandoña, A.: 2005, ‘Corruption and Companies: The Use of Facilitating Payments’. Journal of Business Ethics 60(3) , 251-264.
Austen, J.L.: 1962, How to Do Things with Words. (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
Bacharach, M.: 2006, Beyond Individual Choice: Teams and Frames in Game Theory. (Princeton, Princeton University Press).
Bader, M.B. and B. Shaw: 1983, ‘Amendment of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’. New York University Journal of International Law & Policy 15, 627-652.
Baldwin, R., C. Scott and C. Hood: 1998, ‘Introduction’. in R. Baldwin, C. Scott and C. Hood (eds.), A Reader on Regulation. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 1-55.
Baird, D., R. Gertner and R. Picker: 1994, Game Theory and the Law (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press).
Bardhan, P.: 1997, ‘Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues’. Journal of Economic Literature XXXV, 1320-1246.
Baughn, C., N.L. Bodie, M.A. Buchanan and M.B. Bixby: 2010, ‘Bribery in International Business Transactions’. Journal of Business Ethics 92, 15-32.
Bayley, D.H.: 1966, ‘The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation’. Western Political Quarterly 19(4), 719-732.
Berkman, S., N.Z. Boswell, F.H. Bruner, M. Gough, J.T. McCormick, P.E. Pedersen, J. Ugaz and S. Zimmermann: 2008, ‘The Fight against Corruption: International Organizations at a Cross- Roads’. Journal of Financial Crime 15(2), 124-154.
Bhattacharya, C.B., D. Korschun and S. Sen: 2009, ‘Strengthening Stakeholder-Company Relationships Through Mutually Beneficial Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives’. Journal of Business Ethics 85(2), 257-272.
Binmore, K.: 2007, Does Game Theory Work? The Bargaining Challenge. (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press).
Bottomley, S.: 2007, The Constitutional Corporation. Rethinking Corporate Governance. (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Brenkert, G. G.: 1995, ‘The Environment, the Moralist, the Corporation and its Culture’. Business Ethics Quarterly 5(4), 675-695.
Brudner, A.: 1993, ‘Agency and Welfare in the Penal Law’. in S. Shute, J. Gardner and J. Horder (eds.), Action and Value in Criminal Law. (Oxford, Clarendon), pp. 21-53.
Camerer, C.F.: 2003, Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. (Princeton, Princeton University Press).
Campos, J., D. Lien and S. Pradhan: 1999, ‘The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters’. World Development 27(6), 1059-1067.
Carlson, J.: 2000, ‘Money and Corruption: Two Sides of the same Coin’ in OECD (ed.), No Longer Business as Usual (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris), pp. 127–136.
Carr, I.M.: 2006, ‘The United Nations Convention against Corruption: Improving the Quality of Life of Millions in the World?.’ Manchester Journal of International Economic Law 3(3), 3-40.
Carr, I. M.: 2007, ‘Corruption in Africa: Is the African Union Convention on Combating Corruption the Answer?’ Journal of Business Law March, 111– 136.
Carr, I.M.: 2009, ‘Corruption, the Southern African Development Community Anti-Corruption Protocol and the Principal-Agent-Client Model’. International Journal of Law in Context 15(2), 147-177.
Carroll, A. B.: 1991, ‘The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility – Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders’. Business Horizons 34(4), 39-48.
Carroll, A.B.: 1994, ‘Social Issues in Management Research’. Business and Society 33(1), 5-25.
Chandler, J.D. and J.L. Graham: 2010, ‘Relationship-Oriented Cultures, Corruption, and International Marketing Success’. Journal of Business Ethics 92, 251-267.
Chang, E.C.C. and Y. Chiu: 2006, ‘Corruption and Trust: Exceptionalism in Asian Democracies?’. Journal of Politics 68(2), 259-271.
Clinard, M.B.: 1990, Corporate Corruption: The Abuse of Power. (New York, Praeger).
Clough, J. and C. Mulhern: 2002, The Prosecution of Corporations. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press).
Corr, C.F. and J. Lawler: 1999, ‘Damned if you do, damned if you don’t? The OECD Convention and the Globalization of Anti-Bribery Measures’. Vanderbilt Journal of Transitional Law 32, 1249- 1344.
Cotton, J.: 2010, ‘The Bribery Bill’. Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 1, 87-92.
Cragg, W.A. and W. Woof: 2002, ‘The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: A Study of its Effectiveness’. Business Ethics Quarterly 107(1), 98-144.
D’Andrade, K. and S. Turow: 1985, ‘What’s Wrong with Bribery’. Journal of Business Ethics 4(4), 249- 251.
Darrough, M.N.: 2010, ‘The FCPA and the OECD Convention: Some Lessons from the U.S. Experience’. Journal of Business Ethics 93, 255-276.
Davis, K. E.: 2009, ‘Civil Remedies for Corruption in Government Contracting: Zero Tolerance Versus Proportionality’ Institute of Law and Justice Working Paper 2009/4. http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu/plltwp/papers/130, visited 10 January 2010.
de la Cuesta González, M. and C. Valor Martinez: 2004, ‘Fostering Corporate Social Responsibility Through Public Initiative: From EU to the Spanish Case’. Journal of Business Ethics 55, 275- 293.
de Souza Goncalves, R., E.F.J. Weffort, I.R. Peleias and A. de Oliveira Goncalves: 2008, ‘Social Disclosure: Up to Where Should the Regulation Go?.’ International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry 1, 18-28.
Dean, J.: 2001, ‘Stakeholding and Company Law’. Company Lawyer 22(3), 66-74.
Delaney, P.X.: 2007, ‘Transnational Corruption: Regulation Across Borders’. Virginia Journal of International Law 47, 413-461.
Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee: 1994, ‘Toward a Unified Conception of Economic Ethics: Integrative Social Contracts Theory’. Academy of Management Review 19(2), 252-284.
Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee: 1995, ‘Integrative Social Contracts Theory: A Communitarian Conception of Economic Ethics’. Economics & Philosophy 11(1), 85-112.
Donaldson, T. and T.W. Dunfee: 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. (Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press).
Dunfee, T.W. and D. Hess: 2001, ‘Getting From Salbu to the ‘Tipping Point’: The Role of Corporate Action within a Portfolio of Anti-Corruption Strategies’. Northwestern Journal of Industrial Law and Business 21(2), 471-490.
Dunfee, T.W. and T. Donaldson (2002) Untangling the Corruption Knot: Global Bribery Viewed Through the Lens of Integrative Social Contract Theory’. In: N. Bowie (eds) The Blackwell Guide to Business Ethics. Blackwell, Malden, MA, pp. 61-76.
Dunfee, T.W.: 2006, ‘A Critical Perspective of Integrative Social Contract Theory: Recurring Criticisms and Next Generation Research Topics’. Journal of Business Ethics 68(3), 14-32.
Dworkin, R. (1971) Paternalism. In: R. Wasserstrom (eds) Morality and the Law. Belmont, Wadsworth, pp. 107-126.
Earle, B.: 1996, ‘The United States foreign corrupt practices act and the OECD anti-bribery recommendation: when moral suasion won’t work, follow the money argument’. Dickinson Journal of International Law 14, 207-242.
Economist: 1999, ‘The World in 1999’ January 2.
Edelman, L. B. and M. C. Suchman: 1997, ‘The Legal Environments of Organizations’. Annual Review of Sociology 23, 479-515.
Engel, D. L.: 1979, ‘An Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility’. Stanford Law Review 32(1), 1- 98.
Errath, B. (ed.): 2006, Business against Corruption: Case Stories and Examples. (United Nations Global Compact Office).
Everett, J., D. Neu and A.S. Rahaman: 2005, ‘The Global Fight against Corruption: A Foucaultian, Virtues-Ethics Framing’. Journal of Business Ethics 65, 1-12.
Fairclough, N.: 1992, Discourse and Social Change. (Cambridge, Polity Press).
Fassin, C. Y.: 2009, ‘The Stakeholder Model Refined’. Journal of Business Ethics 84(1), 113-135.
Fisher, D.: 2009, ‘The Enlightened Shareholder – Leaving Shareholders in the Dark: Will Section 172(1) of the Companies Act 2006 Make Directors Consider the Impact of their Decisions on Third Parties?’ International Company and Commercial Law Review 20(1), 10–16.
Frederiksen, C.S.: 2010, ‘The Relation between Policies concerning Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Philosophical Moral Theories – An Empirical Investigation’. Journal of Business Ethics 93, 357-371.
Freeman, R.E.: 1984, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. (Marshfield, MA, Pitman).
Freeman, R.E.: 2002, ‘Managing for Stakeholders’ in T. Donaldson and P. Werhane (eds.), Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach 8th Edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall), pp. 39-53.
Freeman, R. E., J. S. Harrison and A. C. Wicks: 2007, Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation, and Success. (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Freeman, R. E., J. S. Harrison, A. C. Wicks, B. L. Parmar and S. De Colle: 2010, Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Friedrich, C.J.: 1990, ‘Corruption Concepts in Historical Perspective’ in A. Heidenheimer, M. Johnston and V.T. LeVine (eds.), Political Corruption: A Handbook (New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publishers), pp. 15-24.
FTSE4Good Index: 1997, Countering Bribery Criteria. http://www.ftse.com/Indices/FTSE4Good_Index_Series/Downloads/FTSE4Good_Countering_Bribery_Criteria.pdf, visited 18 May 2010.
Fudenberg, D. and J. Tirole: 1991, Game Theory. (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press).
Gantz, D.: 1998, ‘Globalizing Sanctions against Foreign Bribery: The Emergence of an International Legal Consensus’. Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 18 , 457-497.
Gardner, J. and S. Shute: 2000, ‘The Wrongness of Rape. in J. Horder (ed.), Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, Fourth Series. (Oxford, Oxford University Press), pp. 193-217.
Garner, B. A.: 1995, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 2 nd Ed. (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Garriga, E. and D. Melé: 2004, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory’. Journal of Business Ethics 53, 51-71.
Geo-Jaja, M.A. and G.L. Mangum: 2000, ‘The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’. Journal of Business Ethics 24, 245-255.
George, B., K. Lacey and J. Birmele: 2000, ‘The 1998 OECD Convention: An impetus for Worldwide Changes in Attitudes towards Corruption in Business Transactions’ American Business Law Journal 32, 485-525.
Getz, K. and R. Volkema: 2001, ‘Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics’. Business and Society 40(1), 7-30.
Geva, A.: 2008, ‘Three Models of Corporate Social Responsibility: Interrelationships between Theory, Research, and Practice’. Business and Society Review 113(1), 1-41.
Ginits, H.: 2009, Game Theory Evolving: A Problem-Centered Introduction to Modeling Strategic Interaction, 2nd edn. (Princeton, Princeton University Press).
Global Reporting Initiative: 2006, G3 Guidelines. http://www.globalreporting.org/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines/, visited 18 May 2010.
Goldsmith, A.A., 1999, ‘Slapping the Grasping Hand: Correlates of Political Corruption in Emerging Markets’. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58, 865-883.
Gordon, K. and M. Miyake: 2001, ‘Business Approaches to Combating Bribery: A Study of Codes of Conduct’. Journal of Business Ethics 34(3), 161-173.
Gould, D.J. and T.B. Mukendi: 1989, ‘Bureaucratic Corruption in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Remedies’. International Journal of Public Administration 12(3), 427-457.
Green, S.P.: 2005, ‘What’s Wrong with Bribery’. in R.A. Duff and S.P. Green (eds.), Defining Crimes: Essays on the Special Part of the Criminal Law. (Oxford, Oxford University Press), pp. 143- 167.
Habib, M. and L. Zurawicki: 2002, ‘Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment’. Journal of International Business Studies 33, 291-307.
Hall, D.: 1999, ‘Privatisation, Multinationals and Corruption’. Development in Practice 9(5), 539-556.
Hall, S.: 2001, ‘Foucault: power, knowledge and discourse’. in M. Wetherell, S. Taylor and S.J. Yates (eds.), Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (London, Sage), pp. 72-81.
Hamra, W.: 2000, ‘Bribery in International Business Transactions and the OECD Convention: Benefits and Limitations’. Business Economics 35, 33-48.
Hamra, W.: 2000, ‘Bribery in International Business Transactions and the OECD Conventions: Benefits and Limitations’. Business Economics 35(4), 33-46.
Harley, B. and Hardy, C.: 2004, ‘Firing Blanks? An Analysis of Discursive Struggle in HRM’. Journal of Management Studies, 41(3), 377-400.
Harsch, E.: 1993, ‘Accumulators and Democrats: Challenging State Corruption in Africa’. Journal of Modern African Studies 31(1), 31-48.
Harwell Wells, C.A.: 2002, ‘The Cycles of Corporate Social Responsibility: An Historical Retrospective for the Twenty-First Century’. University of Kansas Law Review 51, 77-140.
Hatchard, J.: 2007, ‘Recent Developments in Combating the Bribery of Foreign Public Officials: A Cause for Optimism?. University of Detroit Mercy Law Review 85, 1-27.
Hess, D. and C.L. Ford: 2008, ‘Corporate Corruption and Reform Undertakings: A New Approach to an Old Problem’. Cornell International Law Journal 41(2), 307-346.
Hess, D. and T.W. Dunfee: 2000, ‘Fighting Corruption: A Principled Approach’. Cornell International Law Journal 33(3), 593-626.
Hess, D. and T.W. Dunfee: 2003, ‘Taking Responsibility for Bribery: The Multinational Corporation’s Role in Combating Corruption’. in R. Sullivan (ed.), Business and Human Rights: Dilemmas and Solutions (Sheffield, Greenleaf), pp. 260-271.
Hess, D.: 2009, ‘Catalyzing Corporate Commitment to Combating Corruption’. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 781-790.
Horder, J.: 2011, ‘Bribery as a Form of Wrongdoing’. Law Quarterly Review 127, 37-54.
International Chamber of Commerce, Commission on Anti-Corruption: 2005, Combating Extortion and Bribery: ICC Rules of Conduct and Recommendations. http://www.iccwbo.org/uploadedFiles/ICC/policy/anticorruption/Statements/ICC_Rules_of_Conduct_and_Recommendations%20_2005%20Revision.pdf, visited 30 April 2010.
International Chamber of Commerce: 1999, Rules of Conduct on Bribery. http://www.iccwbo.org/uploadedFiles/ICC/policy/anticorruption/Statements/ICC_Rules_of_Conduct_and_Recommendations%20_2005%20Revision.pdf, visited 18 May 2010.
Jabra, J.G.: 1976, ‘Bureaucratic Corruption in the Third World: Causes and Remedies’. Indian Journal of Public Administration 22, 673-691.
Jacoby, N., P. Nehemkis and R. Eells: 1977, Bribery and Extortion in World Business: A Study of Corporate Political Payments Abroad. (New York, Macmillan).
Jacobs, F. G.: 1971, Criminal Responsibility (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
Johnsen, D.B.: 2009, ‘The Ethics of “Commercial Bribery”: Integrative Social Contract Theory Meets Transaction Cost Economics”. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 791-803.
Jordana, J. and D. Levi-Faur: 2004, ‘The Politics of Regulation in the Age of Governance’. in J. Jordana and D. Levi-Faur (eds.), The Politics of Regulation. Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar), pp. 1-29.
Joskow, P. L. and R. Schmalensee: 2000, ‘Incentive Regulation for Electric Utilities’ in P. L. Joskow (ed.), Economic Regulation. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar), pp. 338-386.
Kaikati, J.G., G.M. Sullivan, J.M. Virgo, T.R. Carr and K.S. Virgo: 2000, ‘The Price of International Business Morality: Twenty Years Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’. Journal of Business Ethics 26(3), 213-222.
Klein, N.: 2000, No Logo (London, Flamingo).
Kline, J. M. (1993) International Regulation of Transnational Business, Providing the Missing Leg of Global Investment Standards. Transnational Corporations 2(1), 153-164.
Kridel, D. J., D. E. M. Sappington and D. L. Weisman: 2000, ‘The Effects of Incentive Regulation in the Telecommunications Industry: A Survey’. in P. L. Joskow (ed.), Economic Regulation. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar), pp. 602-641.
Krueger, D.A. and B. Ding: 2009, ‘Ethical Analysis and Challenges of Two International Firms in China’. Journal of Business Ethics 89, 167-182.
Krueger, D.A.: 2009, ‘Ethical Reflections on the Opportunities and Challenges for International Business in China’. Journal of Business Ethics 89, 145-156.
Küng, H.: 1997, ‘A Global Ethic in an Age of Globalization’. Business Ethics Quarterly 7(3), 17-31.
Lacey, K.A. and B.C. George: 1998, ‘Expansion of SEC Authority into Internal Corporate Governance: The Accounting Provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act’. Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 7, 119-155.
Lambsdorff, J.G.: 2007, The Institutional Economics of Corruption and Reform: Theory, Evidence and Policy. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
Lee, M.D.: 2008, ‘A Review of the Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility: Its Evolutionary Path and the Road Ahead’. International Journal of Management Reviews 10(1), 53-73.
Leff, N.H.: 1964, ‘Economic Development through Bureaucratic Corruption’ (1964) American Behavioral Scientist 8(3), 8-14.
Legge, K.: 1978, Power, Innovation and Problem-Solving in Personnel Management (London, McGraw-Hill).
Legge, K.: 1995A, ‘HRM: Rhetoric, Reality and Hidden Agendas’ in J. Storey (ed.), Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, 2nd edn (London, Thomson Learning), pp. 33-59.
Legge, K.: (1995) Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities. (London, Macmillan).
Legge, K.: 1998, ‘The Morality of HRM’ in C. Mabey, D. Skinner and T. Clark (eds.), Experiencing Human Resource Management (London, Sage), pp. 112-145.
Legge, K.: 1999, ‘Representing People at Work’. Organization, 6, 247-264.
LeVine, V.T.: 1975, Political Corruption: The Ghana Case. (Stanford, Hoover Institution Press).
Lewis, T. and C. Ovans: 2010, ‘Going Global.’ New Law Journal 160, 611-614.
Lodge, M.: 2004, ‘Accountability and Transparency in Regulation: Critiques, Doctrines and Instruments’. in J. Jordana and D. Levi-Faur (eds.), The Politics of Regulation. Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar), pp. 124-144.
Margolis, J.D. and J.P. Walsh: 2003, ‘Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business’. Administrative Science Quarterly 48, 268-305.
Mauro, P.: 1998, ‘Corruption, Causes, Consequences, and Agenda for Further Research’. Finance and Development 35(1), 11-14.
Mbaku, J.M.: 1996, ‘Bureaucratic Corruption in Africa: The Futility of Cleanups’. Cato Journal 16(1), 99-118.
Mbaku, J.M.: 2007, Corruption in Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Cleanups. (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books).
Mbaku, J.M.: 2008, ‘Corruption Cleanups in Africa. Lessons from Public Choice Theory’. Journal of Asian and African Studies 43(4), 427-456.
Meeran, R.: (2000) ‘Litigation Against MNCs: Civil Suits in the UK. In: M.T. Kamminga and S. Zia-Ziarifi (eds.), Liability of Multinational Enterprises Under International Law. Kluwer, The Hagu, pp. 251-264.
Miller, L.: 2000, ‘No more ‘this for that?’ The effect of the OECD Convention on Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions’. Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law 8, 139-160.
Mintzberg, H.: 1983, ‘The Case for Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Strategy 4(2), 3-15.
Mobolaji, H.I. and K. Omoteso: 2009, ‘Corruption and Economic Growth in Some Selected Transitional Economies’ Social Responsibility. Journal 5(1), 70-82.
Mokhiber, R. and R. Weissman: 1999, Corporate Predators. The Hunt for Mega-Profits and the Attack on Democracy (Monroe, ME, Common Courage Press).
Mullan, M.: 1961, ‘A Theory of Corruption’. Sociological Review 9, 181-200.
Myrdal, G.: 1968, Asian Drama: An Enquiry into the Poverty of Nations. (New York, Twentieth Century Fund).
Nichols, P.M.: 1997, ‘Outlawing Transnational Bribery through the World Trade Organization’. Law & Policy in International Business 28, 305-381.
Nichols, P.M.: 2004, ‘Corruption as an Assurance Problem’. American University International Law Review 19, 1307-1349.
Nichols, P.M.: 2009, ‘Multiple Communities and Controlling Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 805-813.
Nollkaemper, A.: 2006, ‘Responsibility of Transnational Corporations in International Environmental Law: Three Perspectives’. in G. Winter (ed.), Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change. Perspectives from Science, Sociology and the Law. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 179-199.
Nye, J.S.: 1967, ‘Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis’. American Political Science Review 61(2), 417-427.
O’Higgins, E.: 2006, ‘Corruption, Underdevelopment, and Extractive Resource Industries: Addressing the Vicious Cycle’. Business Ethics Quarterly 16(2), 235-254.
O’Laughlin, B.: 2008, ‘Governing Capital? Corporate Social Responsibility and the Limits of Regulation’. Development and Change 39(6), 945-957.
O’Riordan, L. and J. Fairbrass: 2008, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Models and Theories in Stakeholder Dialogue’. Journal of Business Ethics 83(4), 745-758.
OECD Directorate for Financial, Fiscal and Enterprise Affairs: 2003, Business Approaches to Combating Corrupt Practices. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/63/57/2638716.pdf, visited 17 May 2010.
Okada, Y.: 2008, ‘Rationalization of the Gene as a Corporate Stakeholder Based on International Laws’. Journal of Biotechnology Law 5(3), 103.
Orlitzky, M., F. Schmidt and S. Rynes: 2003, ‘Corporate Social and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis’. Organization Studies 24(3), 403–441.
Osterfeld, D.: 1992, Prosperity Versus Planning: How Government Stifles Economic Growth. (New York, Oxford University Press).
Pacini, C., J.A. Swingers and H. Rogers: 2002, ‘The Role of the OECD and EU Conventions in Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials’. Journal of Business Ethics 37(4), 385-405.
Parker, C.: 2007, ‘Meta-Regulation: Legal Accountability for Corporate Social Responsibility’. in D. McBarnet, A. Voiculescu and T. Campbell (eds.), The New Corporate Accountability. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Law. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), pp. 207-237.
Parkinson, J.: 2002, ‘Inclusive Company Law’ in J. de Lacy (ed.), The Reform of the United Kingdom Company Law. (London, Cavendish), pp. 43-58.
Parkinson, J.: 2003, ‘Disclosure and Corporate Social and Environmental Performance: Competitiveness and Enterprise in a Broader Social Frame’. Journal of Corporate Law Studies 3, 3-39.
Peel, M.: 2009, ‘Corruption. Landmark Cases Flounder as Crime Team is Purged’. Financial Times, July 21, 3.
Petkoski, D., D.E. Warren and W.S. Laufer,: 2009, ‘Collective Strategies in Fighting Corruption: Some Intuitions and Counter Intuitions’. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 815-822.
Phillips, N. and C. Hardy: 2002, Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction. (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage).
Posadas, A.: 2000, ‘Combating Corruption under International Law’. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 10, 346-414.
Poundstone, W.: 1992, Prisoner’s Dilemma. (New York, Doubleday).
Prado-Lorenzo, J.M., I. Gallego-Alvarez and I.M. Garcia-Sanchez: 2009, ‘Stakeholder Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting: The Ownership Structure Effect’. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 16(2), 94-107.
Rauch, J.: 1995, ‘Bureaucracy, Infrastructure, and Economic Growth: Evidence from U.S. Cities during the Progressive Era’. American Economic Review 85(4), 968-979.
Raz, J.: 1994, Ethics in the Public Domain. (Oxford, Clarendon).
Rene, A. and I. Pegram: 2009, ‘Bribery Abroad: The UK has finally secured its first Prosecution of a Company involved in Overseas Bribery and Corruption’. Internal Auditing 33(11), 24-27.
Rene, A. and S. Thomas: 2009, ‘Words’ Worth’. New Law Journal 159, 1398-1400.
Ritzberger, K.: 2002, Foundations of Non-Cooperative Game Theory. (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
Rogers, S.B.: 2008, ‘The World Bank Voluntary Disclosure Program (VDP): A Distributive Justice Critique’. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 46, 709-731.
Rose-Ackerman, S.: 1999, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences and Reform. (New York, Cambridge University Press).
Salbu, S.R.: 1999, ‘Battling Global Corruption in the New Millennium’. Law and Policy in International Business 31, 47-78.
Salbu, S.R.: 2001, ‘Transnational Bribery: The Big Questions’. Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 21, 435-470.
Sanyal, R.: 2005, ‘The Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors’. Journal of Business Ethics 59, 139-145.
Schwartz, M.S.: 2009, ‘‘Corporate Efforts to Tackle Corruption: An Impossible Task?’ The Contribution of Thomas Dunfee’. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 823-832.
Schwartz, M.S. and A.B. Carroll: 2003, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility: A Three-Domain Approach’. Business Ethics Quarterly 13(4), 503-530.
Shamir, R.: 2004, ‘Between Self-Regulation and the Alien Tort Claims Act: On Contested Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility’. Law and Society Review 38(4), 635-665.
Simester, A.P. and G.R. Sullivan: 2004, Criminal Law-Theory and Doctrine 2nd revised edn. (Oxford, Hart).
Stapenhurst, F. and P. Langseth: 1997, ‘The Role of the Public Administration in Fighting Corruption. Journal of Public Sector Management 10(5), 311-330.
Stone, C.D.: 1975, Where the Law Ends. (New York: Harper & Row).
Storey, J. (ed.): 2001, Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, 2nd edn. (London, Thomson Learning).
Sullivan, R.: 2003, ‘NGO Expectations of Companies and Human Rights’. Non-State Actors and International Law 3, 303-322.
Transparency International: 2009, Global Corruption Report: Corruption and the Private Sector. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
Trebeck, K.: 2008, ‘Exploring the Responsiveness of Companies: Corporate Social Responsibility to Stakeholders’. Social Responsibility Journal 4(3), 349-365.
Tronnes, R.D.: 2000, ‘Ensuring Uniformity in the Implementation of the 1997 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions’. The Washington International Law Review 33(1), 97-130.
Tsalikis, J. and O. Nwachukwu: 1991, ‘A Comparison of Nigerian to American Views of Bribery and Extortion in International Commerce’. Journal of Business Ethics 10, 85-98.
United Nations: (2004), Global Compact. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/aboutthegc/thetenprinciples/index.html, visited 18 May 2010.
Van Roy, E.: 1970, ‘On the Theory of Corruption’. Economic Development and Cultural Change 19, 86-110.
Villiers, C.: 2006, Corporate Reporting and Company Law. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
Villiers, C.: 2008, ‘Corporate Law, Corporate Power and Corporate Social Responsibility’. In: N. Boeger, R. Murray and C. Villiers (eds.), Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar), pp.85-112.
Vinten, G.: 2001, ‘Shareholder versus Stakeholder– Is There a Governance Dilemma’. Corporate Governance 9(1), 36-47.
Vogel, D.: 2005, The Market for Virtue. The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility. (Washington DC, The Brookings Institution).
Votaw, D.: 1972, ‘Genius Became Rare: A Comment on the Doctrine of Social Responsibility Part 1’. California Management Review 15(2), 25-31.
Warren, D.E. and W.S. Laufer: 2009, ‘Are Corruption Indices a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy? A Social Labeling Perspective of Corruption’. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 841-849.
Watson, T.J.: 2004, ‘HRM and Critical Social Science Analysis’. Journal of Management Studies, 41(3), 447-467.
Webb, P.: 2005, ‘The United Nations Convention against Corruption’. Journal of Economic Law 8(1), 191-229.
Weibull, J.: 1995, Evolutionary Game Theory. (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press).
Weismann, M.F.: 2009, ‘The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: The Failure of the Self-Regulatory Model of Corporate Governance in the Global Business Environment’. Journal of Business Ethics 88, 615-661.
Wilson, W.: 2002, Central Issues in Criminal Theory. (Oxford, Hart).
Witten, R. M., K. A. Parker, J. Holtmeier and T. J. Koffer: 2008–2009, ‘Prescriptions for Compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Identifying Bribery Risks and Implementing Anti-Bribery Controls in Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Companies’. Business Law 64, 691–737.
Wittgenstein, L.: 1953, Philosophical Investigations (Oxford, Blackwell).
World Bank: 2006a, Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grant. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRUSSIANFEDERATION/Resources/ibRD_IDA_AnticorruptionGuidelines.pdf, visited 28 April 2010.
World Bank: 2006b, Voluntary Disclosure Programme (VDP). http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTVOLDISPRO/Resources/VDPGuidelinesforParticipants.pdf, visited 18 May 2010.
Zervos, A.: 2006, ‘Amending the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Repealing the Exemption for ‘Routine Government Action’ Payments’. Pennsylvania State International Law Review 25(1), 251-294.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Osuji, O. Fluidity of Regulation-CSR Nexus: The Multinational Corporate Corruption Example. J Bus Ethics 103, 31–57 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0840-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0840-y