Abstract
The responsibilities of the manager have been examined through several lenses in the business ethics literature: Kantian (Bowie, 1999), contractarian (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1999), consequentialist (Friedman, 1970), and virtue ethics (Solomon,1992), to name just four. This paper explores what the ethical responsibilities of the manager would look like if viewed through an evolutionary lens. Discussion is focused on the impact of evolutionary thinking on the process of moral reasoning, rather than on the sources or the substance of morality. The conclusion is reached that the evolutionary lens supports the view that moral luck plays an important role in how we assign ethical responsibilities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aldrich, H. 1999. Organizations Evolving. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Aldrich, H., & Ruef, M. 2006. Organizations Evolving, 2nd edition. Sage Publications, London.
Barnett, W. P., & Carroll, G. R. (1995). Modeling Internal Organizational Change. Annual Review of Sociology, 21, 217–236. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.001245.
Borges, J. L. 1962. Ficciones. New York: Grove.
Bowie, N. 1999. Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, MA.
Burgelman, R. A. (1983). Corporate Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management: Insights from a Process Study. Management Science, 29(12), 1349–1364. doi:10.1287/mnsc.29.12.1349.
Campbell, D. (1969). Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution. General Systems, 14, 69–85.
Cohen, M. D., March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1972). A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 1–25. doi:10.2307/2392088.
Cohendet, P. and P. Llerena: 1998, Theory of the Firm in an Evolutionary Perspective: A Critical Development. Unpublished Manuscript Presented to the Conference “Competence, Governance, and Entrepreneurship”, Copenhagen, June 9–11, 1998.
Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Dawkins, R. 1983. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Denrell, J., & Kovács, B. (2008). Selective Sampling of Empirical Settings in Organizational Studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53, 109–144. doi:10.2189/asqu.53.1.109.
Donaldson, T., and Dunfee, T.: 1999, Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA.
Durand, R. 2006. Organizational Evolution and Strategic Management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eckhardt, J., S. Shane and F. Delmar: 2001, ‹Multi-level Selection and the Funding of New Ventures’, Unpublished Manuscript (Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland, College Park, MD).
Feldman, M.S., & Pentland, B.T. (2003). Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(1), 94–118. doi:10.2307/3556620.
Friedman, M.: 1970, ‹The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits’, New York Times Magazine, 13 September 1970.
Goodman, N. 1983. Ways of Worldmaking. Indianapolis Lancaster: Hackett.
Gould, S.J. 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. (1977). The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929–964. doi:10.1086/226424.
Hannan, M. T., & Freeman, J. H. (1984). Structural Inertia and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, 49(2), 149–164. doi:10.2307/2095567.
Hayek, F.A. 1960, The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Henderson, A.D., & Stern, I. (2004). Selection-based Learning: The Coevolution of Internal and External Selection in High-velocity Environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49, 39–75.
Hodgson, G.M. 1993. Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back into Economics. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Hodgson, G. M. (1997). The ubiquity of habits and rules. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 21(6), 663–684.
Hodgson, G. M. (2002). Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12, 259–281. doi:10.1007/s00191-002-0118-8.
Hodgson, G. M., & Knudsen, T. (2004). The firm as an interactor: firms as vehicles for habits and routines. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(3), 281–308. doi:10.1007/s00191-004-0192-1.
Irwin, T. 1999. Aristotle – Nicomachean Ethics, Second edition. Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis.
James, W.: 1890/1997, Habit. Reprinted in Pragmatism – A Reader, in L. Menand (ed.), Vintage Books (A Division of Random House, New York).
Jawahar, I. M. and G. L. McLaughlin: 2001, ‹Toward a Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: An Organizational Life Cycle Approach’, Academy of Management Review 26(3). doi:10.2307/259184.
Kelley, A. L.: 1977/1999, Italian Tax Mores. Presented at Loyola University in Chicago in April 1977. Reprinted in Ethical Issues in Business, 6th edition, in T. Donaldson and P. Werhane (eds.) (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
Langton, J. (1984). The Ecological Theory of Bureaucracy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(3), 330–354. doi:10.2307/2393028.
MacDonald, C.: 2001, Evolutionary Ethics: Value, Psychology, Strategy, and Conventions. Evolution and Cognition, 7(1), 98–105.
March, J.G. (1991). Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87. doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.71.
Marshall, A. 1948. Principles of Economics. Macmillan, New York
Maynard Smith, J. 1972. On Evolution, Edinburgh University Press, UK.
Maynard Smith, J. 1993. The Theory of Evolution, Canto edition. Cambridge University Press, UK.
Michaelson, C.: 2008, ‹Moral Luck and Business Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics 83, 773–787. (online edition)
Nagel, T.: 1979, ‹Moral Luck’, in Mortal Questions (Cambridge University Press, New York), pp. 24–38.
Nelkin, D.: 2004, ‹Moral luck’, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.plato.stanford.edu/entries.
Nelson, R.R., & Sampat, B.N. (2001). Making sense of institutions as a factor shaping economic performance. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 44, 31–54. doi:10.1016/S0167-2681(00)00152-9.
Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, D. C. 2005. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Nussbaum, M. C. 1986. The fragility of goodness: luck and ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rorty, R. 1979. Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Rorty, R.: 1995, Contingency, Irony, and solidarity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ruse, M. 1986. Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy, Blackwell, Oxford
Schweber, S. S. (1977). The Origin of the Origin Revisited. Journal of the History of Biology, 10(2), 229–316. doi:10.1007/BF00572644.
Schweber, S. S. (1980). Darwin and the Political Economists: Divergence of Character. Journal of the History of Biology, 13(2), 195–289. doi:10.1007/BF00125744.
Solomon, R. C.: 1992, Ethics and Excellence: Cooperation and Integrity in Business. The Ruffin Series in Business Ethics (Oxford University Press, Oxford).
Stinchcombe, A. 1965. Social structure and organizations. In J. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations:142–193. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Stoelhorst, J. W.: 2003, Universal Darwinism from the Bottom-Up: An Evolutionary View of Socio-Economic Behavior and Organization. Working Paper, Amsterdam Business School.
Stoelhorst, J. W.: 2008, ‹Why is Management not an Evolutionary Science? Evolutionary Theory in Strategy and Organization’, Journal of Management Studies, 45(5) 1008–1023.
Teece, D. J., & Pisano, G. (1994). The dynamic capabilities of firms: An introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change, 3, 537–556. doi:10.1093/icc/3.3.537-a.
Tushman, M. E., & Romanelli, E. 1985. Organizational Evolution: A Metamorphosis Model of Convergence and Reorientation. In: B. Straw and L. Cummings (eds.). Research in Organizational Behavior. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
Van de Ven, A., & Grazman, D.N.(1999) “Evolution in a Nested Hierarchy: A Genealogy of Twin-Cities Health Care Organizations, 1853-1995,” in Baum and McKelvey (eds), Variations in Organization Science: Perspectives in Honor of Donald T. Campbell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 185-212.
Williams, B.: 1979/1981, Moral Luck (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), pp. 20–39.
Williams, B. 1985. Ethics and the limits of philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1998). The Biological Basis of Morality. Atlantic Monthly, 281(4), 53–70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Velamuri, S.R., Dew, N. Evolutionary Processes, Moral Luck, and the Ethical Responsibilities of the Manager. J Bus Ethics 91, 113–126 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0071-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0071-7