Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Why Firms Engage in Corruption: A Top Management Perspective

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study builds upon the top management literature to predict and test antecedents to firms’ engagement in corruption. Building on a survey of 341 executives in India, we find that if executives have social ties with government officials, their firms are more likely to engage in corruption. Further, these executives are likely to rationalize engaging in corruption as a necessity for being competitive. The results collectively illustrate the role that executives’ social ties and perceptions have in shaping illegal actions of their respective firms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ades, A., & Di Tella, R. (1999). Rents, Competition and Corruption. The American Economic Review, 89(4), 982–994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, P.S., & Kwon, S.W. (2002). Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40. doi:10.2307/4134367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agnew, R. 1995. The Contribution of Social-Psychological Strain Theory to the Explanation of Crime and Delinquency. In F. Alder and W.S. Laufer (Eds.), Advances in Criminology Theory, Volume 6: The Legacy of Anomie, 113–137. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anand, V., Ashforth, B.E., & Joshi, M. (2005). Business as usual: The acceptance and perpetuation of corruption in organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 19(4), 9–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E., & Jap, S.D. (2005). The dark side of close relationships. MIT Sloan Management Review, 46(3), 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashforth, B. E., & Anand, V. (2003). The normalization of corruption in organizations. In R. M. Kramer and B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 25: 1–52. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L.W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458. doi:10.2307/2393203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W.E., & Faulkner, R.F. (1993). The social organization of conspiracy: Illegal networks in the heavy electrical equipment industry. American Sociological Review, 58, 837–860. doi:10.2307/2095954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 1320–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumer, E.P. (2007). Untangling research puzzles in Merton’s multilevel anomie theory. Theoretical Criminology, 11(1), 63–93. doi:10.1177/1362480607072736

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, B.A., & Podolny, J.M. (1999). Status, quality, and social order in the California wine industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 563–589. doi:10.2307/2666962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P.L., & Luckmann, T. 1967. The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P.L., & Luckmann, T. 1971. The social construction of reality. London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, T.J. (1987). Testing structural strain theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24(4), 262–280. doi:10.1177/0022427887024004002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, T. (2006). Shell shock: Why do good companies do bad things? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 14, 181–193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2006.00498.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P.M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brass, D.J., Butterfield, D., & Skaggs, B.C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14–32. doi:10.2307/259097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan, H.F. (2005). Ethical decision making in the public accounting profession: An extension of Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 61, 165–181. doi:10.1007/s10551-005-0277-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canter, D., & Alison, L. 2000. The social psychology of crime: Groups, teams and networks. Hampshire England: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment and performance. Sociology, 6, 1–22. doi:10.1177/003803857200600101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120. doi:10.1086/228943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J.S. 1990. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2006). Who cares about corruption? Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 807–822. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.H., & Ruhe, J.A. (2004). Perceptions of country corruption: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 43, 275–288. doi:10.1023/A:1023038901080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeSoto, H. 2000. The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P.J., & Powell, W.W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160. doi:10.2307/2095101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djankov, S., R. LaPorta, F. Lopez-di-Silanes and A. Shleifer: 2005, ‹The Law and Economics of Self-Dealing’, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #11883, December

  • Doh, J., Rodriguez, P., Uhlenbruck, K., Collins, J., & Eden, L. (2003). Coping with corruption in foreign markets. Academy of Management Executive, 17(3), 114–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsbach, K.D., & Sutton, R.I. (1992). Acquiring organizational legitimacy through illegitimate actions: A marriage of institutional and impression management theories. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 699–738. doi:10.2307/256313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D.C. 1996. Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2007). Corruption, norms and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets. The Journal of Political Economy, 115(6), 1020–1049. doi:10.1086/527495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, T.J. (1995). Accountant ethics: A brief examination of neglected sociological dimensions. Journal of Business Ethics, 14(2), 103–115. doi:10.1007/BF00872015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrichs, D. 1996. Trusted Criminals. Belmont, MA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galaskiewicz, J., & Wasserman, S. (1989). Mimetic processes within an interorganizational field: An empirical test. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 454–479. doi:10.2307/2393153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (1978). The bazaar economy: Information and search in peasant marketing. The American Economic Review, 68, 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–179. doi:10.2307/2092623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M.S. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habib, M., & Zurawicki, L. (2002). Corruption and foreign direct investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 291–307. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M.A., Ahlstrom, D., Dacin, M.T., Levitas, E., & Svobodina, L. (2004). The institutional effects on strategic alliance partner selection in transition economies: China versus Russia. Organization Science, 15, 173–186. doi:10.1287/orsc.1030.0045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M.A., & Collins, J.D. (2007). Business ethics, strategic decision making and firm performance. Business Horizons, 50(5), 353–357. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2007.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M.A., Dacin, M.T., Levitas, E., Arregle, J.-L., & Borza, A. (2000). Partner selection in emerging and developed market contexts: Resource-based and organizational learning perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 449–467. doi:10.2307/1556404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitt, M.A., Ho-Uk, L., & Yucel, E. (2002). The importance of social capital to the management of multinational enterprises: Relational networks among Asian and Western firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19(2/3), 253–372. doi:10.1023/A:1016247920461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. 2001. Culture’s consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husted, B.W. (1999). Wealth, culture and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339–359. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A.P., Johnson, L.A., Butler, M.C., & Main, D.S. (1983). Apples and oranges: An empirical comparison of commonly used indices of interrater agreement. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 507–519. doi:10.2307/256262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, D. and A. Kraay: 2008, ‹Governance Indicators: Where are We, Where Should We Be Going?’, The World Bank Research Observer (January), 2008

  • Khanna, T., & Rivkin, J.W. (2006). Interorganizational ties and business group boundaries: Evidence from an emerging economy. Organization Science, 17(3), 333–352. doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kostova, T.: 1997, ‹Country Institutional Profiles: Concept and Measurement’, Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, pp. 180–184

  • Kostova, T., & Roth, K. (2002). Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 215–233. doi:10.2307/3069293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwok, C., & Tadesse, S. (2006). The MNC as an agent of change for host-country institutions: FDI and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 767–785. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambsdorff, J. 2006. Causes and consequences of corruption: What do we know from a cross-section of countries? In: S. Rose-Ackerman (Ed.) International handbook on the economics of corruption: 8–34. New York: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, S., & White, P.E. (1961). Exchange as a conceptual framework for the study of interorganizational relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 5, 583–601. doi:10.2307/2390622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, S.M., & Lenz, G.S. 2000. Corruption, culture and markets. In: L.E. Harrison and S.P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters: How values shape human progress: 112–124. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Løwendahl, B. 2000. Strategic management of professional service firms (2nd ed.). Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. (2002). Corruption and organization in Asian management systems. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 405–422. doi:10.1023/A:1016252021370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. (2005). An organizational perspective of corruption. Management and Organization Review, 1(1), 119–154. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2004.00006.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. (1997) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K.D., Cullen, J.B., Johnson, J.L., & Parboteeah, K.P. (2007). Deciding to bribe: A cross-level analysis of firm and home country influences on bribery activity. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1401–1422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, P. (1998). Corruption: Causes, consequences, and agenda for further research. Finance & Development, 35(1), 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R.K. 1968. Social Structure and Social Theory. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messner, S.F. (1988). Merton’s social structure and anomie: The road not taken. Deviant Behavior, 9(1), 33–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K., & Oliver, A.L. (1996). Responses by professional organizations to multiple and ambiguous institutional environments. Organization Studies, 17(4), 649–671. doi:10.1177/017084069601700405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266. doi:10.2307/259373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, J.T. 1984 Bribes. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179. doi:10.2307/258610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C.: 1997. ‹Sustainable Competitive Advantage: Combining Institutional and Resource-Based Views’, Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 697–713. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199710)18:9<697::AID-SMJ 909>3.0.CO;2-C

  • Ouchi, W.G. (1980). Markets, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 129–145. doi:10.2307/2392231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulhus, D.L. 1991. Measurement and control of response bias. In: J. Robinson, P. Shaver and L. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M.W., & Luo, Y. (2000). Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 486–501. doi:10.2307/1556406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podolny, J.M., & Baron, J.N. (1997). Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace. American Sociological Review, 62, 673–693. doi:10.2307/2657354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W.W. 1998. Institutional theory. In: N. Richardson (Ed.), Encyclopedic dictionary of organizational behavior: 239–242. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, C.J., & Watson, A. (2004). Corruption and change: The impact of foreign direct investment. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 385–396. doi:10.1002/smj.382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockness, H., & Rockness, J. (2005). Legislated ethics: From Enron to Sarbanes-Oxley, the impact on corporate America. Journal of Business Ethics, 57, 31–54. doi:10.1007/s10551-004-3819-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, P., Siegel, D., Hillman, A., & Eden, L. (2006). Three lenses on the multinational enterprise: Politics, corruption and corporate social responsibility. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 733–746. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, P., Uhlenbruck, K., & Eden, L. (2005). Corrupt governments matter: How corruption affects the entry strategies of multinationals. Academy of Management Review, 30, 383–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997). The Political Economy of Corruption. In: Elliott, K. A. (Ed.), Corruption and the Global Economy. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, J.: 2005, `Who Beats Corruption?', in The Earth Institute (Columbia University, New York)

  • Scott, W.R. 1995. Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A., Djankov, S., LaPorta, R., & Lopez de Silanes, F. (2002). The regulation of entry. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(1), 1–37. doi:10.1162/003355302753399436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1993). Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 599–617. doi:10.2307/2118402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E.H., & Cressey, D. 1974. Criminology. New York: Lippincott Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, J. (2003). Who must pay bribes and how much?: Evidence from a cross-section of firms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 207–234. doi:10.1162/00335530360535180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J.J., & Litschert, R.J. (1994). Environment-strategy relationship and Its performance implications: an empirical analysis of the Chinese electronics industry. Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 1–20. doi:10.1002/smj.4250150102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, B. (2002). What future quantitative social science research could look like. Educational Researcher, 31(3), 24–31. doi:10.3102/0013189X031003025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolbert, P.S., & Zucker, L.G. (1983). Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reforms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 22–39. doi:10.2307/2392383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlenbruck, K., Rodriguez, P., Doh, J., & Eden, L. (2006). The impact of corruption on entry strategy: Evidence from telecommunication projects in emerging economies. Organization Science, 17, 402–414. doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35–67. doi:10.2307/2393808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, D. (1998). Rational choice, situated action, and the social control of organizations. Law & Society Review, 32(1), 23–61. doi:10.2307/827748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, D. (1999). The dark side of organizations: Mistake, misconduct, and disaster. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 271–305. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Velthouse, B., & Kandogan, Y. (2007). Ethics in practice: What are managers really doing? Journal of Business Ethics, 70, 151–163. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9102-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., Waring, E., & Chayet, E. (1995). Specific deterrence in a sample of offenders convicted of white-collar crimes. Criminology, 33, 587–607. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1995.tb01191.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, J.D., & Zajac, E.J. (1997). Defections from the inner circle: Social exchange, reciprocity, and the diffusion of board independence in U.S. corporations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 161–183. doi:10.2307/2393812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, J.D., & Zajac, E.J. (2001). Decoupling policy from practice: The case of stock repurchase programs. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 202–228. doi:10.2307/2667086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S.A., Priem, R.L., & Rasheed, A.A. (2005). The antecedents and consequences of top management fraud. Journal of Management, 31, 803–828. doi:10.1177/0149206305279598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, L.G. (1987). Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 443–464. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.002303

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Bert Cannella, Stewart Miller, Rajan Varadarajan, seminar participants at Arizona State University, Instituto de Empresa and participants of the 2005 JIBS Paper Development Workshop for valuable insights and the Center for International Business Studies and Mays Business School at Texas AandM University for financial support. An earlier version was published in the Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jamie D. Collins.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Collins, J.D., Uhlenbruck, K. & Rodriguez, P. Why Firms Engage in Corruption: A Top Management Perspective. J Bus Ethics 87, 89–108 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9872-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9872-3

Keywords

Navigation