Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB is known to regulate divergent cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Akt is activated by a variety of stimuli, through such growth factor receptors as HER2, in phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K)-dependent manner. A loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) function also activates Akt. It has recently been shown that Akt activation is associated with a worse outcome among endocrine treated breast cancer patients and that it also inhibits the progesterone receptor (PR) expression via the PI3K/Akt pathway in breast cancer cells. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway has recently attracted considerable attention as a new target for effective therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between Akt activation and either HER2 overexpression or PTEN gene alteration, as well as the PR expression. We analyzed the incidence of LOH at the PTEN locus in 138 breast cancer patients, using our new system for microsatellite analysis, called high-resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis (HRFMA). We showed Akt activation to significantly correlate with HER2 overexpression or LOH at the PTEN gene locus while inversely correlating with the PR expression. In addition, when LOH at the PTEN gene locus and HER2 overexpression occurred simultaneously, the incidence of Akt activation and reduced PR expression was significant. The association between Akt activation and PR negative expression was observed even in the ER-positive cases. Our results suggest that simultaneous PTEN LOH and HER2 overexpression enhances Akt activation and may thus lead to a negative PR expression.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nicholson KM, Anderson NG (2002) The protein kinase B/Akt signalling pathway in human malignancy. Cell Signal 14:381–395
Stambolic V, Suzuki A, de la Pompa JL, Brothers GM, Mirtsos C, Sasaki T, Ruland J, Penninger JM, Siderovski DP, Mak TW (1998) Negative regulation of PKB/Akt-dependent cell survival by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cell 95:29–39
Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A, McGuire WL (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235:177–182
Gullick WJ, Love SB, Wright C, Barnes DM, Gusterson B, Harris AL, Altman DG (1991) c-erbB-2 protein overexpression in breast cancer is a risk factor in patients with involved and uninvolved lymph nodes. Br J Cancer 63:434–438
Paterson MC, Dietrich KD, Danyluk J, Paterson AH, Lees AW, Jamil N, Hanson J, Jenkins H, Krause BE, McBlain WA et al (1991) Correlation between c-erbB-2 amplification and risk of recurrent disease in node-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 51:556–567
Olayioye MA, Neve RM, Lane HA, Hynes NE (2000) The ErbB signaling network: receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. EMBO J 19:3159–3167
Siegel PM, Ryan ED, Cardiff RD, Muller WJ (1999) Elevated expression of activated forms of Neu/ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 are involved in the induction of mammary tumors in transgenic mice: implications for human breast cancer. EMBO J 18:2149–2164
Zhou BP, Hu MC, Miller SA, Yu Z, Xia W, Lin SY, Hung MC (2000) HER-2/neu blocks tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis via the Akt/NF-kappaB pathway. J Biol Chem 275:8027–8031
Stal O, Perez-Tenorio G, Akerberg L, Olsson B, Nordenskjold B, Skoog L, Rutqvist LE (2003) Akt kinases in breast cancer and the results of adjuvant therapy. Breast Cancer Res 5:R37–44
Tokunaga E, Kimura Y, Oki E, Ueda N, Futatsugi M, Mashino K, Yamamoto M, Ikebe M, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Maehara Y (2006) Akt is frequently activated in HER2/neu-positive breast cancers and associated with poor prognosis among hormone-treated patients. Int J Cancer 118:284–289
Zhou X, Tan M, Stone Hawthorne V, Klos KS, Lan KH, Yang Y, Yang W, Smith TL, Shi D, Yu D (2004) Activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/4E-BP1 pathway by ErbB2 overexpression predicts tumor progression in breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res 10:6779–6788
Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, Podsypanina K, Bose S, Wang SI, Puc J, Miliaresis C, Rodgers L, McCombie R, Bigner SH, Giovanella BC, Ittmann M, Tycko B, Hibshoosh H, Wigler MH, Parsons R (1997) PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943–1947
Steck PA, Pershouse MA, Jasser SA, Yung WK, Lin H, Ligon AH, Langford LA, Baumgard ML, Hattier T, Davis T, Frye C, Hu R, Swedlund B, Teng DH, Tavtigian SV (1997) Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat Genet 15:356–362
Leslie NR, Downes CP (2004) PTEN function: how normal cells control it and tumour cells lose it. Biochem J 382:1–11
Teng DH, Hu R, Lin H, Davis T, Iliev D, Frye C, Swedlund B, Hansen KL, Vinson VL, Gumpper KL, Ellis L, El-Naggar A, Frazier M, Jasser S, Langford LA, Lee J, Mills GB, Pershouse MA, Pollack RE, Tornos C, Troncoso P, Yung WK, Fujii G, Berson A, Steck PA et al (1997) MMAC1/PTEN mutations in primary tumor specimens and tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 57:5221–5225
Maehama T, Dixon JE (1998) The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem 273:13375–13378
Feilotter HE, Coulon V, McVeigh JL, Boag AH, Dorion-Bonnet F, Duboue B, Latham WC, Eng C, Mulligan LM, Longy M (1999) Analysis of the 10q23 chromosomal region and the PTEN gene in human sporadic breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 79:718–723
Garcia JM, Silva JM, Dominguez G, Gonzalez R, Navarro A, Carretero L, Provencio M, Espana P, Bonilla F (1999) Allelic loss of the PTEN region (10q23) in breast carcinomas of poor pathophenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 57:237–243
Singh B, Ittmann MM, Krolewski JJ (1998) Sporadic breast cancers exhibit loss of heterozygosity on chromosome segment 10q23 close to the Cowden disease locus. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:166–171
Depowski PL, Rosenthal SI, Ross JS (2001) Loss of expression of the PTEN gene protein product is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. Mod Pathol 14:672–676
Panigrahi AR, Pinder SE, Chan SY, Paish EC, Robertson JF, Ellis IO (2004) The role of PTEN and its signalling pathways, including AKT, in breast cancer; an assessment of relationships with other prognostic factors and with outcome. J Pathol 204:93–100
Perren A, Weng LP, Boag AH, Ziebold U, Thakore K, Dahia PL, Komminoth P, Lees JA, Mulligan LM, Mutter GL, Eng C (1999) Immunohistochemical evidence of loss of PTEN expression in primary ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast. Am J Pathol 155:1253–1260
Shi W, Zhang X, Pintilie M, Ma N, Miller N, Banerjee D, Tsao MS, Mak T, Fyles A, Liu FF (2003) Dysregulated PTEN-PKB and negative receptor status in human breast cancer. Int J Cancer 104:195–203
Torres J, Navarro S, Rogla I, Ripoll F, Lluch A, Garcia-Conde J, Llombart-Bosch A, Cervera J, Pulido R (2001) Heterogeneous lack of expression of the tumour suppressor PTEN protein in human neoplastic tissues. Eur J Cancer 37:114–121
Perez-Tenorio G, Stal O (2002) Activation of AKT/PKB in breast cancer predicts a worse outcome among endocrine treated patients. Br J Cancer 86:540–545
Tokunaga E, Kataoka A, Kimura Y, Oki E, Mashino K, Nishida K, Koga T, Morita M, Kakeji Y, Baba H, Ohno S, Maehara Y (2006) The association between Akt activation and resistance to hormone therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 42:629–635
Cui X, Zhang P, Deng W, Oesterreich S, Lu Y, Mills GB, Lee AV (2003) Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits progesterone receptor expression in breast cancer cells via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway: progesterone receptor as a potential indicator of growth factor activity in breast cancer. Mol Endocrinol 17:575–588
Yu K, Toral-Barza L, Discafani C, Zhang WG, Skotnicki J, Frost P, Gibbons JJ (2001) mTOR, a novel target in breast cancer: the effect of CCI-779, an mTOR inhibitor, in preclinical models of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 8:249–258
Japanese Breast Cancer Society (2001) General rules for clinical and pathological recording of breast cancer, 14th edn. Kanehara, Tokyo
Tokunaga E, Oki E, Oda S, Kataoka A, Kitamura K, Ohno S, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K (2000) Frequency of microsatellite instability in breast cancer determined by high-resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis. Oncology 59:44–49
Oda S, Oki E, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K (1997) Precise assessment of microsatellite instability using high resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3415–3420
Oki E, Baba H, Tokunaga E, Nakamura T, Ueda N, Futatsugi M, Mashino K, Yamamoto M, Ikebe M, Kakeji Y, Maehara Y (2005) Akt phosphorylation associates with LOH of PTEN and leads to chemoresistance for gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 117:376–380
Ellis MJ, Coop A, Singh B, Mauriac L, Llombert-Cussac A, Janicke F, Miller WR, Evans DB, Dugan M, Brady C, Quebe-Fehling E, Borgs M (2001) Letrozole is more effective neoadjuvant endocrine therapy than tamoxifen for ErbB-1- and/or ErbB-2-positive, estrogen receptor-positive primary breast cancer: evidence from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 19:3808–3816
Jacobs TW, Gown AM, Yaziji H, Barnes MJ, Schnitt SJ (1999) Specificity of HercepTest in determining HER-2/neu status of breast cancers using the United States Food and Drug Administration-approved scoring system. J Clin Oncol 17:1983–1987
Seidman AD, Fornier MN, Esteva FJ, Tan L, Kaptain S, Bach A, Panageas KS, Arroyo C, Valero V, Currie V, Gilewski T, Theodoulou M, Moynahan ME, Moasser M, Sklarin N, Dickler M, D’Andrea G, Cristofanilli M, Rivera E, Hortobagyi GN, Norton L, Hudis CA (2001) Weekly trastuzumab and paclitaxel therapy for metastatic breast cancer with analysis of efficacy by HER2 immunophenotype and gene amplification. J Clin Oncol 19:2587–2595
Stokes ME, Davis CS, Koch GG (2000) Categorical data analysis using the SAS system. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC
Bose S, Wang SI, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R (1998) Allelic loss of chromosome 10q23 is associated with tumor progression in breast carcinomas. Oncogene 17:123–127
Araki K, Wang B, Miyashita K, Cui Q, Ohno S, Baba H, Zhang RG, Sugimachi K, Maehara Y, Oda S (2004) Frequent loss of heterozygosity but rare microsatellite instability in oesophageal cancer in Japanese and Chinese patients. Oncology 67:151–158
Ikeda Y, Oda S, Abe T, Ohno S, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K (2001) Features of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: comparison between colon and rectum. Oncology 61:168–174
Maehara Y, Oda S, Sugimachi K (2001) The instability within: problems in current analyses of microsatellite instability. Mutat Res 461:249–263
Oki E, Oda S, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K (1999) Mutated gene-specific phenotypes of dinucleotide repeat instability in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines deficient in DNA mismatch repair. Oncogene 18:2143–2147
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Ms. Y. Kubota, Ms. N. Nakamura, Y. Ms. T. Shishino, Ms. K. Yamashita and Ms. N. Makikusa for their valuable technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science, and Technology of Japan.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tokunaga, E., Oki, E., Kimura, Y. et al. Coexistence of the loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus and HER2 overexpression enhances the Akt activity thus leading to a negative progesterone receptor expression in breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 101, 249–257 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9295-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9295-8