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Resisting Sleep Pressure: Impact on Resting State Functional Network Connectivity

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Abstract

In today’s 24/7 society, sleep restriction is a common phenomenon which leads to increased levels of sleep pressure in daily life. However, the magnitude and extent of impairment of brain functioning due to increased sleep pressure is still not completely understood. Resting state network (RSN) analyses have become increasingly popular because they allow us to investigate brain activity patterns in the absence of a specific task and to identify changes under different levels of vigilance (e.g. due to increased sleep pressure). RSNs are commonly derived from BOLD fMRI signals but studies progressively also employ cerebral blood flow (CBF) signals. To investigate the impact of sleep pressure on RSNs, we examined RSNs of participants under high (19 h awake) and normal (10 h awake) sleep pressure with three imaging modalities (arterial spin labeling, BOLD, pseudo BOLD) while providing confirmation of vigilance states in most conditions. We demonstrated that CBF and pseudo BOLD signals (measured with arterial spin labeling) are suited to derive independent component analysis based RSNs. The spatial map differences of these RSNs were rather small, suggesting a strong biological substrate underlying these networks. Interestingly, increased sleep pressure, namely longer time awake, specifically changed the functional network connectivity (FNC) between RSNs. In summary, all FNCs of the default mode network with any other network or component showed increasing effects as a function of increased ‘time awake’. All other FNCs became more anti-correlated with increased ‘time awake’. The sensorimotor networks were the only ones who showed a within network change of FNC, namely decreased connectivity as function of ‘time awake’. These specific changes of FNC could reflect both compensatory mechanisms aiming to fight sleep as well as a first reduction of consciousness while becoming drowsy. We think that the specific changes observed in functional network connectivity could imply an impairment of information transfer between the affected RSNs.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant CRSII3_136249. We thank Drs. Andrea Federspiel, Philipp Stämpfli, Roger Lüchinger, Kay Jann, Roland Dürr, Thomas Rusterholz for technical support and Drs. Thomas Koenig, Mara Kottlow, Lars Michels and Leila Tarokh for fruitful discussions. We also would like to thank Ximena Omlin, Angela Aeschbach, Claudia Aschmann, Daniela Buser, Angela Escobar, Lukas Fürer, Jolanda Müller, Johanna Scherer, Nina Schumacher, Michelle Steinemann, Sarah Untersander and Katharina Wellstein for help with the data acquisition.

Funding

This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Sinergia grant #136249.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chronobiology and Sleep Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Laura Tüshaus & Peter Achermann

  2. Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Laura Tüshaus, Anthony Schläpfer, Daniel Brandeis & Peter Achermann

  3. Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Laura Tüshaus & Peter Achermann

  4. Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Joshua Henk Balsters

  5. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Anthony Schläpfer & Daniel Brandeis

  6. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    Daniel Brandeis

  7. Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Daniel Brandeis, Ruth O’Gorman Tuura & Peter Achermann

  8. Center for MR-Research, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Ruth O’Gorman Tuura

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Contributions

LT, AS, DB, ROT and PA designed the experiment. LT and AS performed the experiment. LT, JB and PA analyzed the data. LT and PA wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version.

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Correspondence to Peter Achermann.

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Tüshaus, L., Balsters, J.H., Schläpfer, A. et al. Resisting Sleep Pressure: Impact on Resting State Functional Network Connectivity. Brain Topogr 30, 757–773 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-017-0575-x

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