Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Partitioning Eddy-Covariance Methane Fluxes from a Shallow Lake into Diffusive and Ebullitive Fluxes

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Boundary-Layer Meteorology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Methane (\(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\)) is known to be emitted from lakes to the atmosphere via processes such as diffusion and ebullition (i.e., bubble emission). We developed a practical method for partitioning eddy-covariance \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) fluxes from a shallow lake into diffusive and ebullitive fluxes using a wavelet analysis based on local scalar similarity between the \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) concentration and other reference scalars, such as the air temperature or water vapour concentration, in the wavelet time-scale domain, with the hypothesis that similar and dissimilar fluctuation components are related to diffusive and ebullitive \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) fluxes, respectively. Our method is applied to approximately two weeks of data obtained at a shallow mid-latitude lake. The partitioned diffusive flux has a physically sound relationship with wind speed, supporting the validity of the method. The ratio of the diffusive flux to the total flux is typically 0.11 with flow from an area of steady bubble emission, but otherwise 0.36. Further validation is required using a larger dataset and data from other lakes. The proposed method can be easily applied to historical data because it requires only 10-Hz data of \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) concentration and other reference scalars, along with an empirical parameter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asanuma J, Tamagawa I, Ishikawa H, Ma Y, Hayashi T, Qi Y, Wang J (2007) Spectral similarity between scalars at very low frequencies in the unstable atmospheric surface layer over the Tibetan plateau. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 122:85–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett KB, Crill PM, Sebacher DI, Harriss RC, Wilson JO, Melack JM (1988) Methane flux from the central Amazonian floodplain. J Geophys Res 93:1571–1582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bastviken D, Cole J, Pace M, Tranvik L (2004) Methane emissions from lakes: dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a global estimate. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB4009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bastviken D, Tranvik LJ, Downing JA, Crill PM, Enrich-Prast A (2011) Freshwater methane emissions offset the continental carbon sink. Science 331:50. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock EJ, Hara T, Frew NM, McGillis WR (1999) Relationship between air-sea gas transfer and short wind waves. J Geophys Res 104:25,821–25,831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boles JR, Clark JF, Leifer I, Washburn L (2001) Temporal variation in natural methane seep rate due to tides, Coal Oil Point area, California. J Geophys Res 106:27,077–27,086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Csanady GT (1990) The role of breaking wavelets in air-sea gas transfer. J Geophys Res 95:749–759

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin HAR, Kohsiek W, Van den Hurk BJJM (1993) A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapour using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 63:231–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruin HAR, Van den Hurk BJJM, Kroon LJM (1999) On the temperature-humidity correlation and similarity. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 93:453–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detto M, Katul GG (2007) Simplified expressions for adjusting higher-order turbulent statistics obtained from open path gas analyzers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 122:205–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9105-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detto M, Katul GG, Mancini M, Montaldo N, Albertson JD (2008) Surface heterogeneity and its signature in higher-order scalar similarity relationships. Agric For Meteorol 148:902–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.12.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eugster W, DelSontro T, Sobek S (2011) Eddy covariance flux measurements confirm extreme CH\(_{4}\) emissions from a Swiss hydropower reservoir and resolve their short-term variability. Biogeosciences 8:2815–2831. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2815-2011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foken T (2008) Micrometeorology. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Heiskanen JJ, Mammarella I, Haapanala S, Pumpanen J, Vesala T, MacIntyre S, Ojala A (2014) Effects of cooling and internal wave motions on gas transfer coefficients in a boreal lake. Tellus 66B:22827. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.22827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ikenaka Y, Eun H, Watanabe E, Kumon F, Miyabara Y (2005) Estimation of sources and inflow of dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the sediment core of Lake Suwa, Japan. Environ Pollut 138:529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imberger J (1985) The diurnal mixed layer. Limnol Oceanogr 30:737–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata H, Kosugi Y, Ono K, Mano M, Sakabe A, Miyata A, Takahashi K (2014) Cross-validation of open-path and closed-path eddy-covariance techniques for observing methane fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 151:95–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9890-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jessup AT, Zappa CJ, Yeh H (1997) Defining and quantifying microscale wave breaking with infrared imagery. J Geophys Res 102:23,145–23,153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce J, Jewell PW (2003) Physical controls on methane ebullition from reservoirs and lakes. Environ Eng Geosci 9:167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katul G, Goltz SM, Hsieh C-I, Cheng Y, Mowry F, Sigmon J (1995) Estimation of surface heat and momentum fluxes using the flux-variance method above uniform and non-uniform terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 74:237–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller M, Stallard RF (1994) Methane emission by bubbling from Gatun Lake, Panama. J Geophys Res 99:8307–8319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel SJ, Wyngaard JC, Otte MJ (2002) “Log-chipper” turbulence in the convective boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 59:1124–1134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kormann R, Meixner FX (2001) An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 99:207–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotthaus S, Grimmond CSB (2012) Identification of micro-scale anthropogenic CO\(_{2}\), heat and moisture sources—processing eddy covariance fluxes for a dense urban environment. Atmos Environ 57:301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Foufoula-Georgiou E (1994) Wavelet analysis in geophysics: an introduction. In: Foufoula-Georgiou E, Kumar P (eds) Wavelets in geophysics. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahrt L (1998) Flux sampling errors for aircraft and towers. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 15:416–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens CS, Klump JV (1980) Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin—I. Methane sediment-water exchange processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:471–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson MD, Likens GE (1990) Air pressure and methane fluxes. Nature 347:718–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermitt D, Burba G, Xu L, Anderson T, Komissarov A, Riensche B, Schedlbauer J, Starr G, Zona D, Oechel W, Oberbauer S, Hastings S (2011) A new low-power, open-path instrument for measuring methane flux by eddy covariance. Appl Phys B 102:391–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-010-4307-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGillis WR, Edson JB, Zappa CJ, Ware JD, McKenna SP, Terray EA, Hare JE, Fairall CW, Drennan W, Donelan M, DeGrandpre MD, Wanninkhof R, Reely RA (2004) Air-sea CO\(_{2}\) exchange in the equatorial Pacific. J Geophys Res 109:C08S02

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura H, Owa E (1952) On the “Kama-ana” (non-freezing parts in winter time) of the Suwa-Lake near Okaya-shi, Nagano Prefecture (in Japanese with English abstract). Bull Geol Surv Jpn 3:628–630

    Google Scholar 

  • Park HD, Iwami C, Watanabe MF, Harada K, Okino T, Hayashi H (1998) Temporal variabilities of the concentrations of intra- and extracellular Microcystin and toxic Microcystis species in a hypertrophic lake, Lake Suwa, Japan (1991–1994). Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13:61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Percival DB, Walden AT (2000) Wavelet methods for time series analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Podgrajsek E, Sahlée E, Bastviken D, Holst J, Lindroth A, Tranvik L, Rutgersson A (2014a) Comparison of floating chamber and eddy covariance measurements of lake greenhouse gas fluxes. Biogeosciences 11:4225–4233. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4225-2014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podgrajsek E, Sahlée E, Rutgersson A (2014b) Diurnal cycle of lake methane flux. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 119:236–248. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podgrajsek E, Sahlée E, Bastviken D, Natchimuthu S, Kljun N, Chmiel HE, Klemedtsson L, Rutgersson A (2016) Methane fluxes from a small boreal lake measured with the eddy covariance method. Limnol Oceanogr 61:S41–S50. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripley B, Venables B, Bates DM, Hornik K, Gebhardt A, Firth D (2017) Package ‘MASS’

  • Rousseeuw PJ, Leroy AM (2003) Robust regression and outlier detection. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito M, Asanuma J, Miyata A (2007) Dual-scale transport of sensible and water vapor over a short canopy under unstable conditions. Water Resour Res 43:W05413

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon TM, Albertson JD (2001) Turbulent transport of carbon dioxide and water vapor within a vegetation canopy during unstable conditions: identification of episodes using wavelet analysis. J Geophys Res 106:7251–7262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon TM, Sahu P (2008) On the correlation structure of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmospheric surface layer: a basis for flux partitioning. Water Resour Res 44:W10418. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller C, Göckede M, Foken T (2017) Flux calculation of short turbulent events—comparison of three methods. Atmos Meas Tech 10:869–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruin HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert CJ, Diem T, Eugster W (2012) Methane emissions from a small wind shielded lake determined by eddy covariance, flux chambers, anchored funnels, and boundary model calculations: a comparison. Environ Sci Technol 46:4515–4522. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203465x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma S, Magnuson JJ, Batt RD, Winslow LA, Korhonen J, Aono Y (2016) Direct observations of ice seasonality reveal changes in climate over the past 320–570 years. Sci Rep 6(25):061. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang J, Zhuang Q, Shannon RD, White JR (2010) Quantifying wetland methane emissions with process-based models of different complexities. Biogeosciences 7:3817–3837. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3817-2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas C, Martin JG, Goeckede M, Siqueira MB, Foken T, Law BE, Loescher HW, Katul G (2008) Estimating daytime subcanopy respiration from conditional sampling methods applied to multi-scalar high frequency turbulence time series. Agric For Meteorol 148:1210–1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tokida T, Miyazaki T, Mizoguchi M (2005) Ebullition of methane from peat with falling atmospheric pressure. Geophys Res Lett 32(L13):823. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Boer A, Moene AF, Graf A, Schüttemeyer D, Simmer C (2014) Detection of entrainment influences on surface-layer measurements and extension of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 152:19–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varadharajan C, Hemond HF (2012) Time-series analysis of high-resolution ebullition fluxes from a stratified, freshwater lake. J Geophys Res 117(G02):004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vickers D, Mahrt L (1997) Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data. J Atmos Oceanic Technol 14:512–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter KM, Smith LC, Chapin FS (2007) Methane bubbling from northern lakes: present and future contributions to the global methane budget. Philos Trans R Soc 365:1657–1676. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanninkhof R (1992) Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J Geophys Res 97:7373–7382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanninkhof R, Asher WE, Ho DT, Sweeney C, McGillis WR (2009) Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing. Annu Rev Mar Sci 1:213–244. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:85–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wik M, Varner RK, Anthony KW, MacIntyre S, Bastviken D (2016) Climate-sensitive northern lakes and ponds are critical components of methane release. Nat Geosci 9:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Riley WJ, Koven CD, Billesbach DP, Chang RYW, Commane R, Euskirchen ES, Hartery S, Harazono Y, Iwata H, McDonald KC, Miller CE, Oechel WC, Poulter B, Raz-Yaseef N, Sweeney C, Torn M, Wofsy SC, Zhang Z, Zona D (2016) A multi-scale comparison of modeled and observed seasonal methane emissions in northern wetlands. Biogeosciences 13:5043–5056. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5043-2016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zappa CJ, Asher WE, Jessup AT (2001) Microscale wave breaking and air-water gas transfer. J Geophys Res 106:9385–9391

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Hiroshi Moriyama for allowing us to use the pier for observations. Constructive comments from Prof. T. Foken and two anonymous reviewers helped to improve this manuscript. Dr. C. Schaller kindly provided his program code to calculate the short-term fluxes. This study was funded by a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (no. 17H05039). The program code to perform the flux partitioning developed here is available from the author upon request (Hiroki Iwata, hiwata@shinshu-u.ac.jp).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan

    Hiroki Iwata

  2. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

    Ryuichi Hirata & Yoshiyuki Takahashi

  3. Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Suwa, Japan

    Yuichi Miyabara

  4. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Masayuki Itoh

  5. Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

    Kotaro Iizuka

Authors
  1. Hiroki Iwata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryuichi Hirata
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yoshiyuki Takahashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yuichi Miyabara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Masayuki Itoh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kotaro Iizuka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hiroki Iwata.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (docx 226 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Iwata, H., Hirata, R., Takahashi, Y. et al. Partitioning Eddy-Covariance Methane Fluxes from a Shallow Lake into Diffusive and Ebullitive Fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 169, 413–428 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0383-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0383-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation