Skip to main content
Log in

Thyroid Hormone and the Energetic Cost of Keeping Body Temperature

  • Published:
Bioscience Reports

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • H. Al-Adsani L. J. Hoffer J. E. Silva (1997) ArticleTitleResting energy expenditure is sensitive to small dose changes in patients on chronic thyroid hormone replacement J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 82 IssueID4 1118–1125 Occurrence Handle10.1210/jc.82.4.1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Alfadda R. A. DosSantos Z. Stepanyan H. Marrif J. E. Silva (2004) ArticleTitleMice with deletion of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene exhibit a thrifty phenotype. Effect of gender Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp Physiol. 287 IssueID1 R147–R156 Occurrence Handle15031134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. B. Barker H. M. Klitgaard (1952) ArticleTitleMetabolism of tissues excised from thyroxine-injected rats J. Physiol. (London) 170 81–86

    Google Scholar 

  • J. H. Bassett C. B. Harvey G. R. Williams (2003) ArticleTitleMechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 213 IssueID1 1–11 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.033 Occurrence Handle15062569

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. N. Berry R. B. Gregory A. R. Grivell D. C. Henly J. W. Phillips P. G. Wallace G. R. Welch (1989) The thermodynamic regulation of cellular metabolism and heat production W. Wieser E. Gnaiger (Eds) Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart-New York 18–27

    Google Scholar 

  • A. C. Bianco J. E. Silva (1987a) ArticleTitleOptimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in brown adipose tissue depends on local T3 generation Am. J. Physiol. 253 E255–E263

    Google Scholar 

  • A. C. Bianco J. E. Silva (1987b) ArticleTitleIntracellular conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine is required for the optimal thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue J. Clin. Invest. 79 295–300

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Bogardus S. Lillioja E. Ravussin W. Abbott J. K. Zawadzki A. Young W. C. Knowler R. Jacobowitz P. P. Moll (1986) ArticleTitleFamilial dependence of the resting metabolic rate New Engl. J. Med. 315 96–100 Occurrence Handle3724804

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Boivin A. Camirand F. Carli L. J. Hoffer J. E. Silva (2000) ArticleTitleUncoupling protein 2 and 3 messenger RNAs in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of healthy males: variability, factors affecting expression and relation to measures of metabolic rate J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 1975–1983 Occurrence Handle10.1210/jc.85.5.1975 Occurrence Handle10843184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Branco M. Ribeiro N. Negrao A. C. Bianco (1999) ArticleTitle3,,5,3’-Triiodothyronine actively stimulates UCP in brown fat under minimal sympathetic activity Am. J. Physiol. 276 IssueID1 Pt 1 E179–E187 Occurrence Handle9886965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. S. Brookes D. F. Rolfe M. D. Brand (1997) ArticleTitleThe proton permeability of liposomes made from mitochondrial inner membrane phospholipidscomparison with isolated mitochondria J. Membr. Biol. 155 IssueID2 167–174 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002329900168 Occurrence Handle9049110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. J. Brown R. A. Koza C. Everett M. L. Reitman L. Marshall L. A. Fahien L. P. Kozak M. J. MacDonald (2002) ArticleTitleNormal thyroid thermogenesis but reduced viability and adiposity in mice lacking the mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase J. Biol. Chem. 277 IssueID36 32892–32898 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M202408200 Occurrence Handle12093799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • B Cannon J. Nedergaard (2004) ArticleTitleBrown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance Physiol. Rev. 84 IssueID1 277–359 Occurrence Handle10.1152/physrev.00015.2003 Occurrence Handle14715917

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. D. Carvalho A. C. Bianco J. E. Silva (1996) ArticleTitleEffects of hypothyroidism on brown adipose tissue adenylyl cyclase activity Endocrinology 137 IssueID12 5519–5529 Occurrence Handle10.1210/en.137.12.5519 Occurrence Handle8940379

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T. Clausen C. Hardeveld Particlevan M. E. Everts (1991) ArticleTitleSignificance of cation transport in control of energy metabolism and thermogenesis Physiol. Rev. 71 733–774 Occurrence Handle2057526

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T. J. Connelly R. El-Hayek M. Sukhareva R. Coronado (1994) ArticleTitleL-thyroxine activates the intracellular Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 32 441–448 Occurrence Handle8032313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. G. Dawson (1979) ArticleTitleOxidation of cytosolic NADH formed during aerobic metabolism in mammalian cells Trends Biochem. Sci. 4 171–176 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0968-0004(79)90417-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L. Meis Particlede (2001) ArticleTitleRole of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase on heat production and thermogenesis Biosci. Rep. 21 IssueID2 113–137 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013640006611 Occurrence Handle11725862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. A. DosSantos A. Alfadda K. Eto T. Kadowaki J. E. Silva (2003) ArticleTitleEvidence for a compensated thermogenic defect in transgenic mice lacking the mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene Endocrinology 144 IssueID12 5469–5479 Occurrence Handle10.1210/en.2003-0687 Occurrence Handle12960027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • I. S. Edelman F. Ismail-Beigi (1974) ArticleTitleThyroid thermogenesis and active sodium transport. [Review] Recent Prog. Hormone Res. 30 235–257

    Google Scholar 

  • P. L. Else A. J. Hulbert (1981) ArticleTitleComparison of the “mammal machine” and the “reptile machine”: energy production Am. J. Physiol. 240 R3–R9 Occurrence Handle6257122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Enerbäck A. Jacobsson E. M. Simpson C. Guerra H. Yamashita M. E. Harper L. P. Kozak (1997) ArticleTitleMice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese Nature 387 90–94 Occurrence Handle10.1038/387090a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Eto Y. Tsubamoto Y. Terauchi T. Sugiyama T. Kishimoto N. Takahashi N. Yamauchi N. Kubota S. Murayama T. Aizawa Y. Akanuma S. Aizawa H. Kasai Y. Yazaki T. Kadowaki (1999) ArticleTitleRole of NADH shuttle system in glucose-induced activation of mitochondrial metabolism and insulin secretion Science 283 IssueID5404 981–985 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.283.5404.981 Occurrence Handle9974390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L. A. Fahien J. I. Laboy Z. Z. Din P. Prabhakar T. Budker M. Chobanian (1999) ArticleTitleAbility of cytosolic malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase to increase the ratio of NADPH to NADH oxidation by cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Arch. Biochem. Biophy. 364 IssueID2 185–194 Occurrence Handle10.1006/abbi.1999.1117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. T. Festuccia R. Guerra-Sa N. H. Kawashita M. A. Garofalo E. A. Evangelista V. Rodrigues I. C. Kettelhut R. H. Migliorini (2003) ArticleTitleExpression of glycerokinase in brown adipose tissue is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284 IssueID6 R1536–R1541 Occurrence Handle12736183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. Fleury M. Neverova S. Collins S. Raimbault O. Champigny C. Levi-Meyruis F. Bouillaud M. F. Seldin R. S. Surwit D. Ricquier C.H. Warden (1997) ArticleTitleUncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia Nat. Genet. 15 269–272 Occurrence Handle10.1038/ng0397-269 Occurrence Handle9054939

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. Forrest B. Vennstrom (2000) ArticleTitleFunctions of thyroid hormone receptors in mice Thyroid 10 IssueID1 41–52 Occurrence Handle10691312

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H. C. Freake H. L. Schwartz J. H. Oppenheimer (1989) ArticleTitleThe regulation of lipogenesis by thyroid hormone and its contribution to thermogenesis Endocrinology 125 2868–2874 Occurrence Handle2583043

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. Gauthier O. Chassande M. Plateroti J. P. Roux C. Legrand B. Pain B. Rousset R. Weiss J. Trouillas J. Samarut (1999) ArticleTitleDifferent functions for the thyroid hormone receptors TRalpha and TRbeta in the control of thyroid hormone production and post-natal development EMBO J. 18 IssueID3 623–631 Occurrence Handle10.1093/emboj/18.3.623 Occurrence Handle9927422

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. Gauthier M. Plateroti C. B. Harvey G. R. Williams R. E. Weiss S. Refetoff J. F. Willott V. Sundin J. P. Roux L. Malaval M. Hara J. Samarut O. Chassande (2001) ArticleTitleGenetic analysis reveals different functions for the products of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha locus Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 IssueID14 4748–4760 Occurrence Handle10.1128/MCB.21.14.4748-4760.2001 Occurrence Handle11416150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • V. Golozoubova H. Gullberg A. Matthias B. Cannon B. Vennstrom J. Nedergaard (2004) ArticleTitleDepressed thermogenesis but competent brown adipose tissue recruitment in mice devoid of all hormone-binding thyroid hormone receptors Mol. Endocrinol. 18 IssueID2 384–401 Occurrence Handle10.1210/me.2003-0267 Occurrence Handle14630998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. W. Gong S. Bi B. D. Weintraub M. Reitman (1998) ArticleTitleRat mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene: multiple promoters, high levels in brown adipose tissue, and tissue-specific regulation by thyroid hormone DNA Cell Biol. 17 IssueID3 301–309 Occurrence Handle9539110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. W. Gong Y. F. He M. Karas M. Reitman (1997) ArticleTitleUncoupling protein-3 is a mediator of thermogenesis regulated by thyroid hormone, β3-adrenergic agonists, and leptin J. Biol. Chem. 272 IssueID39 24129–24132 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.272.39.24129 Occurrence Handle9305858

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D. W. Gong S. Monemdjou O. Gavrilova L. R. Leon B. Marcus-Samuels C. J. Chou C. Everett L. P. Kozak C. Li C. Deng M. E. Harper M. L. Reitman (2000) ArticleTitleLack of obesity and normal response to fasting and thyroid hormone in mice lacking uncoupling protein-3 J. Biol. Chem. 275 IssueID21 16251–16257 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M910177199 Occurrence Handle10748195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. J. Gordon (1993) Temperature Regulation in Laboratory Rodents Cambridge University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • B. B. Gupta P. Chakrabarty (1990) ArticleTitleEffects of thyroidal, gonadal and adrenal hormones on tissue respiration of streaked frog, Rana limnocharis, at low temperature Indian J. Exp. Biol. 28 IssueID1 23–26 Occurrence Handle2365405

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. S. Haber J. N. Loeb (1986) ArticleTitleStimulation of potassium efflux in rat liver by a low dose of thyroid hormone: evidence for enhanced cation permeability in the absence of Na, K-ATPase induction Endocrinology 118 IssueID1 207–211 Occurrence Handle2416552

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. P. Hafner C. D. Nobes A. D. McGown M. D. Brand (1988) ArticleTitleAltered relationship between protonmotive force and respiration rate in non-phosphorylating liver mitochondria isolated from rats of different thyroid hormone status Eur. J. Biochem. 178 IssueID2 511–518 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14477.x Occurrence Handle2850181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. E. Harper M. D. Brand (1993) ArticleTitleThe quantitative contributions of mitochondrial proton leak and ATP turnover reactions to the changed respiration rates of hepatocytes from rats of different thyroid status J. Biol. Chem. 268 IssueID20 14850–14860 Occurrence Handle8392060

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. F. Hedley A. Santos Y. Goldberg J. Ghysdael J. H. Oppenheimer (1988) ArticleTitleDifferences in antibody recognition of the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor and c-erbA products Mol. Endocrinol. 2 986–991 Occurrence Handle2903441

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. L. Hoch (1967) ArticleTitleEarly action of injected L-thyroxine- on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58 IssueID2 506–512 Occurrence Handle5233453

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. A. Hodin M. A. Lazar W. W. Chin (1990) ArticleTitleDifferential and tisue-specific regulation of the multiple rat c-erbA messenger RNA species by thyroid hormone J. Clin. Invest. 85 101–105 Occurrence Handle2153150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. H. Huq R. S. Lovell C. N. Ou A. L. Beaudet W. J. Craigen (1997) ArticleTitleX-linked glycerol kinase deficiency in the mouse leads to growth retardation, altered fat metabolism, autonomous glucocorticoid secretion and neonatal death Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 IssueID11 1803–1809 Occurrence Handle10.1093/hmg/6.11.1803 Occurrence Handle9302256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. H. Huq R. S. Lovell M. J. Sampson W. K. Decker M. B. Dinulos C. M. Disteche W. J. Craigen (1996) ArticleTitleIsolation, mapping, and functional expression of the mouse X chromosome glycerol kinase gene Genomics 36 IssueID3 530–534 Occurrence Handle10.1006/geno.1996.0500 Occurrence Handle8884278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • F. Ismail-Beigi (1992) ArticleTitleRegulation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase expression by thyroid hormone. [Review] Seminars Nephrol. 12 IssueID1 44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Ismail-Beigi R. S. Haber J. N. Loeb (1986) ArticleTitleStimulation of active Na+ and K+ transport by thyroid hormone in a rat liver cell line: role of enhanced Na+ entry Endocrinology 119 IssueID6 2527–2536 Occurrence Handle3023015

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Jezek A. T. Costa A. E. Vercesi (1997) ArticleTitleReconstituted plant uncoupling mitochondrial protein allows for proton translocation via fatty acid cycling mechanism J. Biol. Chem. 272 IssueID39 24272–24278 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.272.39.24272 Occurrence Handle9305881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Jiang A. Xu S. Tokmakejian N. Narayanan (2000) ArticleTitleThyroid hormone-induced overexpression of functional ryanodine receptors in the rabbit heart Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278 IssueID5 H1429–H1438 Occurrence Handle10775119

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Klingenberg (1970) ArticleTitleLocalization of the glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase in the outer phase of the mitochondrial inner membrane Eur. J. Biochem. 13 IssueID2 247–252 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb00924.x Occurrence Handle5439930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. A. Koza U. C. Kozak L. J. Brown E. H. Leiter M. J. MacDonald L. P. Kozak (1996) ArticleTitleSequence and tissue-dependent RNA expression of mouse FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 336 IssueID1 97–104 Occurrence Handle10.1006/abbi.1996.0536 Occurrence Handle8951039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Y. P. Lee H. A. Lardy (1965) ArticleTitleInfluence of thyroid hormones on I-α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and other dehydrogenases in various organs of the rat J. Biol. Chem. 240 1427–1436 Occurrence Handle14284758

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. L. Lehninger D. L. Nelson M. M. Cox (1993) Principles of Biochemistry EditionNumber2 Worth Publishers New York

    Google Scholar 

  • W. J. Leijendekker C. Hardeveld Particlevan G Elzinga (1987) ArticleTitleHeat production during contraction in skeletal muscle of hypothyroid mice Am. J. Physiol. 253 IssueID2:Pt 1 E214–E220 Occurrence Handle3618771

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • X. Liu M. Rossmeisl J. McClaine L. P. Kozak (2003) ArticleTitleParadoxical resistance to diet-induced obesity in UCP1-deficient mice J. Clin. Invest. 111 IssueID3 399–407 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI200315737 Occurrence Handle12569166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. J. MacDonald L. K. Marshall (2000) ArticleTitleMouse lacking NAD+-linked glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase has normal pancreatic beta cell function but abnormal metabolite pattern in skeletal muscle Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 384 IssueID1 143–153 Occurrence Handle10.1006/abbi.2000.2107 Occurrence Handle11147825

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Magnus-Levy (1895) ArticleTitleUeber den respiratorischen Gaswechsel unter Einfluss de Thyroidea sowie unter verschiedenen pathologische Zustarid Berlin Klln. Wochschr. 32 650–652

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Marrif R. E. Weiss J. E. Silva (2004) ArticleTitleTemperature homeostasis in mice with deletion of the thyroid hormone receptor-α gene Thyroid 14 IssueID9 682

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Marrif A. Schifman Z. Stepanyan M-A. Gillis A. Calderone R. E. Weiss J. Samarut J. E. Silva (2005) ArticleTitleTemperature homeostasis in transgenic mice lacking thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene products Endocrinology 146 2872–2884 Occurrence Handle10.1210/en.2004-1544 Occurrence Handle15845618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K. I. Ohkawa M. T. Vogt E. Farber (1969) ArticleTitleUnusually high mitochondrial alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in rat brown adipose tissue J. Cell Biol. 41 IssueID2 441–449 Occurrence Handle10.1083/jcb.41.2.441 Occurrence Handle5783866

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Ravussin S. Lillioja T. E. Anderson L. Christin C. Bogardus (1986) ArticleTitleDeterminants of 24-hour energy expenditure in man J. Clin. Invest. 78 1568–1578 Occurrence Handle3782471

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E. Ravussin S. Lillioja W. C. Knowler L. Christin D. Freymond W. G. H. Abbott V. Boyce B. Howard C. Bogardus (1988) ArticleTitleReduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain New Engl. J. Med. 318 467–472 Occurrence Handle3340128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. O. Ribeiro S. D. Carvalho J. J. Schultz G. Chiellini T. S. Scanlan A. C. Bianco G. A. Brent (2001) ArticleTitleThyroid hormone-sympathetic interaction and adaptive thermogenesis are thyroid hormone receptor isoform-specific J. Clin. Invest. 108 IssueID1 97–105 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI200112584 Occurrence Handle11435461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. O. Ribeiro F. L. Lebrun M. A. Christoffolete M. Branco A. Crescenzi S. D. Carvalho N. Negrao A. C. Bianco (2000) ArticleTitleEvidence of UCP1-independent regulation of norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in brown fat Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 279 IssueID2 E314–E322 Occurrence Handle10913031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Rousset M. C. Alves-Guerra J. Mozo B. Miroux A. M. Cassard-Doulcier F. Bouillaud D. Ricquier (2004) ArticleTitleThe biology of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins Diabetes 53 IssueIDSuppl 1: S130-5 S130–S135 Occurrence Handle14749278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A. Rubio A. Raasmaja A. L. Maia K.-R. Kim J. E. Silva (1995a) ArticleTitleEffects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signalling in brown adipose tissue. I: β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation Endocrinology 136 IssueID8 3267–3276 Occurrence Handle10.1210/en.136.8.3267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Rubio A. Raasmaja J. E. Silva (1995b) ArticleTitleEffects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signalling in brown adipose tissue. I: differential effects of thyroid hormone on β3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue Endocrinology 136 IssueID8 3277–3284 Occurrence Handle10.1210/en.136.8.3277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P. A. Schueler H. L. Schwartz K. A. Strait C. N. Mariash J. H. Oppenheimer (1990) ArticleTitleBinding of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and its analogs to the in vitro translational products of c-erbA protooncogenes: differences in the affinity of the α- and [3-forms for the acetic acid analog and failure of the human testis and kidney α-2 products to bind β Mol. Endocrinol. 4 227–234 Occurrence Handle2158622

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. E. Silva (2001) ArticleTitleThe multiple contributions of thyroid hormone to heat production J. Clin. Invest. 108 IssueID1 35–37 Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI200113397 Occurrence Handle11435454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J. E. Silva (2003) ArticleTitleThe thermogenic effect of thyroid hormone and its clinical implications Annals Intern. Med. 139 IssueID3 205–213

    Google Scholar 

  • J. E. Silva R. Rabelo (1997) ArticleTitleRegulation of the uncoupling protein gene expression Eur. J. Endocrinol. 136 IssueID3 251–264 Occurrence Handle9100546

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W. S. Sirnonides M. H. Thelen C. G. Linden Particlevan der A. Muller C. Hardeveld Particlevan (2001) ArticleTitleMechanism of thyroid-hormone regulated expression of the SERCA genes in skeletal muscle: implications for thermogenesis Biosci. Rep. 21 IssueID2 139–154 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1013692023449 Occurrence Handle11725863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U. Sundin (1981) ArticleTitleGDP binding to rat brown fat mitochondria: effects of thyroxine at different ambient temperature Am. J. Physiol. 241 C134–C139 Occurrence Handle7282915

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U. Sundin I. Mills J. N. Fain (1984) ArticleTitleThyroid-catecholamine interactions in isolated brown adipocytes Metabolism: Clin. Experiment. 33 1028–1033

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Triandafillou C. Gwilliam J. Himms-Hagen (1982) ArticleTitleRole of thyroid hormone in cold-induced changes in rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria Can. J. Biochem. 60 530–537 Occurrence Handle7104831

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • C. R. Vianna T. Hagen C. Y. Zhang E. Bachman O. Boss B. Gereben A. S. Moriscot B. B. Lowell J. E. Bicudo A. C. Bianco (2001) ArticleTitleCloning and functional characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog in hummingbirds Physiol. Genom. 5 IssueID3 137–145

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Vidal-Puig G. Solanes D. Grujic J. S. Flier B. B. Lowell (1997) ArticleTitleUCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 235 IssueID1 79–82 Occurrence Handle10.1006/bbrc.1997.6740 Occurrence Handle9196039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Watford (2000) ArticleTitleFunctional glycerol kinase activity and the possibility of a major role for glyceroneogenesis in mammalian skeletal muscle Nutrition. Rev. 58 IssueID5 145–148

    Google Scholar 

  • R. T. Weirich H. L. Schwartz J. H. Oppenheimer (1987) ArticleTitleAn analysis of the interrelationship of nuclear and plasma triiodothyronine in the Sea Lamprey, Lake Trout, and Rat: evolutionary considerations Endocrinology 120 664–677 Occurrence Handle3803297

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Woledge (1989) Energy transformations in living muscle W. Wieser E. Gnaiger (Eds) Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York 36–45

    Google Scholar 

  • P. M. Yen (2001) ArticleTitlePhysiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action Physiol. Rev. 81 IssueID3 1097–1142 Occurrence Handle11427693

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Silva, J.E. Thyroid Hormone and the Energetic Cost of Keeping Body Temperature. Biosci Rep 25, 129–148 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10540-005-2882-9

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10540-005-2882-9

Keywords

Navigation