Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden

  • Published:
Biogeochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract.

The objective of this study is to construct a balanced chlorine budget for a small forested catchment, focusing on the interaction between chloride (Clinorg) and organic-matter-bound chlorine (Clorg). Data from the actual catchment are combined with secondary data from other sites to elucidate more clearly which parts of the cycle are fairly well known and which are more or less unknown. The budget calculations show that the principal input and output fluxes of Cl in the catchment are inorganic but that the main pool is Clorg in the soil. In addition, the budget calculations suggest that a considerable portion of Clinorg in soil is transformed to Clorg and subsequently leached to deeper soil layers, that net mineralization of Clorg takes place in soil, preferably in deeper soil layers, and that degrading organic matter is a major source of Clinorg in runoff. The loss of Clorg through runoff is small to negligible in relation to other fluxes. It appears as if dry deposition of Clinorg is at risk of being underestimated if Clinorg is assumed to be conservative in soil. The pool of organic-matter-bound chlorine in soil is considerably larger than the annual flux of chloride through the system. The estimates suggest that the amount of Clorg in the upper 40 cm of the soil at the investigated site is approximately twice as large as the Clinorg. Furthermore, the amount of Clorg biomass is small in relation to the occurrence of Clorg in soil. Finally, the estimates indicate that the transport of volatile Clorg from the soil to the atmosphere may influence the chlorine cycle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • I.S. Alemdag (1982a) Biomass of the merchantable and unmerchantable portions of the stem Petawawa National Forestry Institute Canadian Forestry Service

    Google Scholar 

  • I.S. Alemdag (1982b) ArticleTitleMethods of estimating forest biomass from stand volumes; a case study with Ontario Jack Pine Pulp & Paper Canada 83 9

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Alexandersson C. Karlström S. Larsson-McCann (1991) Temperaturen och nederbörden i Sverige 1961–90. Referensnormaler Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Norrköping

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Asplund (1995) Origin and occurrence of halogenated organic matter in soil A. Grimvall E.W.B. Leer Particlede (Eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 35–48

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Asplund A. Grimvall (1991) ArticleTitleOrganohalogens in naturemore widespread than previously assumed Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 1346–1350 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es00020a001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Asplund A. Grimvall Jonsson (1994) ArticleTitleDetermination of total and leachable amounts of organohalogens in soil Chemosphere 28 1467–1475 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0045-6535(94)90241-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Asplund A. Grimvall C. Pettersson (1989) ArticleTitleNaturally produced organic halogens (AOX) in humic substances from soil and water Sci. Total Environ. 81/82 239–248 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0048-9697(89)90130-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Atlas C.S. Giam (1981) ArticleTitleGlobal transport of organic pollutants: ambient concentrations in the remote marine atmosphere Science 211 163–165

    Google Scholar 

  • C.F. Baes SuffixIII R.D. Sharp A.L. Sjoreen R.W. Shor (1984) A review and analysis of parameters for assessing transport of environmentally released radionuclides through agriculture Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak RidgeTN USA

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Beier K. Hansen P. Gundersen (1993) ArticleTitleSpatial variability of throughfall fluxes in a spruce forest Environ. Pollut. 81 257–267 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0269-7491(93)90208-6 Occurrence Handle15091811

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S. Brown A.E. Lugo (1984) ArticleTitleBiomass of tropical forests: a new estimate based on forest volumes Science 223 200–293

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Chen H.S. Wheater M.J. Lees (2002) ArticleTitleIdentification of processes affecting stream chloride response in the Hafren catchmentmid-Wales J. Hydrol. 264 12–33

    Google Scholar 

  • P.W. Clutterbuck S.L. Mukhopadhyay A.E. Oxford H. Raistrick (1940) ArticleTitleStudies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 65 (A) a survey of chlorine metabolism by moulds. (B) Caldariomycin, C5H8O2Cl2a metabolic product of Caldariomyces fumago Biochem. J. 34 664–667

    Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Collier R.J. Jackson M.J. Wintervourn (1989) ArticleTitleDissolved organic carbon dynamics of developed and undeveloped wetland catchments in WestlandNew Zealand Arch. Hydrobiol. 117 21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • P.G. Cook et al. (1994) ArticleTitleUnsaturated zone tritium and chlorine 36 profiles from southern Australia: their use as tracers of soil movement Wat. Resour. Res. 30 1709–1719 Occurrence Handle10.1029/94WR00161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.R. Crow B.E. Slaegel (1988) ArticleTitleA guide to using regression equation for estimating tree biomass Northern J. Appl. Forest. 5 15–22

    Google Scholar 

  • H.J.P. Lijser Particlede C. Erkelens A. Knoll W. Pool E.W.B. Leer Particlede (1991) Natural organochlorine in humic soils GC and GC–MS studies of soil pyrolysates B. Allard H. Borén A. Grimvall (Eds) Humic Substances in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences Springer-Verlag Berlin 485–494

    Google Scholar 

  • C.H. Dimmer P.G. Simmonds G. Nickless M.R. Bassford (2001) ArticleTitleBiogenic fluxes of halomethane from Irish peatland ecosystems Atmos. Environ. 35 321–330 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00151-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W.H. McDowell G.E. Likens (1988) ArticleTitleOrigin, composition, and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley Ecol. Monogr. 58 IssueID3 177–195

    Google Scholar 

  • G.P.J. Draaijers W.P.M.F. Ivens W. Bleuten (1988) ArticleTitleAtmospheric deposition in forest edges measured by monitoring canopy throughfall WaterAirSoil Pollut. 42 129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Enell L. Kaj L. Wennberg (1989) Long-distance distribution of halogenated organic compounds (AOX) H. Laikari (Eds) River Basin Management Pergamon Press PLC Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • K.C. Engvild (1986) ArticleTitleChlorine-containing natural compounds in higher plants Phytochemistry 25 IssueID4 781–791 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0031-9422(86)80002-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Eriksson (1983) ArticleTitleData concerning the precipitation climate of Sweden. Mean values for the period 1951–1980 SMHI Report 1983 28

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Eriksson (1991) ArticleTitleSources and sinks of carbon dioxide in Sweden Ambio 20 146–150

    Google Scholar 

  • EU Standard 1996. Water Quality – determination of adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) (Approved April 1996).

  • H. Frank (1991) ArticleTitleAirborne chlorocarbons, photooxidants, and forest decline Ambio 20 13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • H. Gebhart N.T. Coleman (1974) ArticleTitleAnion adsorption by allophanic tropical soils: chloride adsorption Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38 IssueID1 255–258

    Google Scholar 

  • G.W. Gribble (1996) Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – a comprehensive survey. Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, vol. 68 SpringerWien New York

    Google Scholar 

  • R.E. Grim (1968) Clay Mineralogy McGraw-Hill New York

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Grimvall H. Borén S. Jonsson U. Lundström R. Sävenhed (1991) Long-term accumulation and degradation of bleach-plant effluents in receiving waters, Environmental fate and effects of bleached pulp mill effluents Saltsjöbaden Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Grimvall E.W.B. Leer Particlede (Eds) (1995) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens Kluwer Academic Publisher Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Guggenberger H. Z&h (1994) ArticleTitleComposition and dynamics of dissolved carbohydrates and lignin-degradation products in two coniferous forests, N.E. BavariaGermany Soil Biol. Biochem. 26 19–27 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0038-0717(94)90191-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.P. Hager (1966) ArticleTitleChloroperoxidase II. Utilization of halogen anions J. Biol. Chem. 241 1769–1777 Occurrence Handle5945851

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Hakkila (1989) Utilization of Residual Forest Biomass Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanes R.E. 1971. Chloride reactions in soil, Ph.D. Thesis. Virginia Poytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburgh VA 131 pp.

  • K.F. Haselmann R.A. Ketola F. Laturnus F.R. Lauritzen C. Grøn (2000a) ArticleTitleOccurence and formation of chloroform at Danish forest sites Atmos. Environ. 34 187–193 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00279-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. Haselmann F. Laturnus B. Svensmark C. Grøn (2000b) ArticleTitleFormation of chloroform in spruce forest soil – results form laboratory incubation studies Chemosphere 41 1769–1774 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00044-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.F. Haselmann F. Laturnus C. Grøn (2002) ArticleTitleFormation of chloroform in soil – a year-round study at a Danish spruce forest site WaterAirSoil Pollut. 139 35–41 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1015896719508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Hasselrot P. Grennfelt (1987) ArticleTitleDeposition of air pollutants in a wind exposed forest edge Water AirSoil Pollut. 34 135–143 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00184756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Hektor G. Lönner P.O. Nilsson M. Parikka (1996) Trädbränsletillgångar i Södra Sverige Vattenfall Utveckling AB Vällingby

    Google Scholar 

  • W.D. Hewson L.P. Hager (1979) Peroxidases, catalases, and chloroperoxidases D. Dolphin (Eds) The Porphyrins, Biochemistry, Part BVol. VII Academic Press New York 295–332

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Hind H.Y. Nakatani S. Izawa (1969) ArticleTitleRole of chloride in photosynthesis: 1. Chloride requirement of electron transport Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172 277 Occurrence Handle5775697

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O. Hjelm (1996) Organohalogens in coniferous forest soil, Ph.D. thesis Linköpings Universitet Linköping

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Hjelm E. Johansson G. Öberg (1999) ArticleTitleProduction of organically bound halogens by the litter-degrading fungus Lepista nuda Soil Biol. Biochem. 31 IssueID11 1509–1515 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00069-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Hoekstra F. Verhagen J. Field E. Leer Particlede (1998) ArticleTitleNatural production of chloroform by fungi Phytochemistry 49 91–97 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00984-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Hoekstra J.H. Duyzer E.W.B. Leer Particlede U.A.T. Brinkman (2001) ArticleTitleChloroform-concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric airand emission fluxes from soil Atmos. Environ. 35 61–70 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00285-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.J. Hoekstra E.W.B. Leer Particlede U.A.T. Brinkman (1998) ArticleTitleNatural formation of chloroform and brominated trihalomethanes in soil Sci. Technol 432 3724–3729 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es980127c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Houghton D.L. Skole (1990) Carbon B.L. Turner W.C. Clark R.W. Kates J.F. Richards J.T. Mathews W.B. Meyer (Eds) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action Cambridge University Press Cambridge 393–408

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Houghton (1995) Changes in the storage of terrestrial carbon since 1850 R. Lal J. Kimble E. Levine B.A. Stewart (Eds) Soils and Global Change. Advances in Soil Science CRC Lewis Publishers Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter J.C., Belt A., Sotos L.S. and Fonda M.E. 1987. Fungal chloroperoxidase method United States Patent.

  • E. Häsänen P.K.G. Manninen (1989) ArticleTitleThe total organochlorine and organobromine (AOCl, AOBr) concentrations in water courses and in snow in Finland VDI Berichte 745 395–400

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Johansson (1996) Halogenated structures in natural organic matter Ph.D thesis Linköpings universitet Linköping

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Johansson (2000) Halogenated structures in natural organic matter Ph.D thesis Linköpings universitet Linköping

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Johansson G. Ebenå P. Sandén T. Svensson G. Öberg (2001) ArticleTitleOrganic chlorine and chloride in Swedish spruce forest soil: influence of nitrogen Geoderma 10 1–13 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00087-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Johansson Z. Hu P. Sandén X.B. Zhang G. Öberg (2004) ArticleTitleTurn-over of organic chlorine in submerged paddy soil, a case study in the Meicun area south east China Soil Use Manage 420 144–149

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Johansson P. Sandén G. Öberg (2003a) ArticleTitleOrganic chlorine in deciduous and coniferous forest soil, southern Sweden Soil Sci. 168 IssueID5 347–355 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00010694-200305000-00004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E. Johansson P. Sandén G. Öberg (2003b) ArticleTitleSpatial patterns of organically bound chlorine and chloride in Swedish forest soil Chemosphere 52 IssueID2 391–397 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00193-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Jordan (1997) ArticleTitleMapping of rainfall chemistry in Ireland 1972–94 Biol. Environ.: Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 97B IssueID1 53–73

    Google Scholar 

  • S.J. Kauffman D.L. Royer S. Chang R.A. Berner (2003) ArticleTitleExport of chloride after clear-cutting in the Hubbard Brook sandbox experiment Biogeochemistry 63 23–33 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1023335002926

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Keller (1989) ArticleTitleAOX-Belastung von Oberflächengewässern im Jahr 1987 Vom Wasser 72 199–210

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Kempe (1988) Skogsdata 1988, Institution för skogstaxering Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Umeå

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Keppler R. Eiden V. Niedan J. Pracht H.F. Schöler (2000) ArticleTitleHalocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter Nature 403 298–301 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35002055 Occurrence Handle10659846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M.A.K. Khalil R.A. Rasmussen (1999) ArticleTitleAtmospheric chloroform Atmos. Environ. 33 1151–1158 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00233-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.J. Koester R.A. Hites (1992) ArticleTitleWet and dry deposition of chlorinated dioxins and furans Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 1375–1382 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es00031a015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K. Laniewski H. Borén A. Grimvall S. Jonsson L. von Sydow (1995) Chemical characterization of adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in precipitation A. Grimvall E.W.B. Leer Particlede (Eds) Naturally-Produced Organohalogens Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 113–130

    Google Scholar 

  • F. Laturnus K.F. Haselmann T. Borch C. Grøn (2002) ArticleTitleTerrestrial natural sources of trichloromethane (chloroformCHCl3) – an overview Biogeochemistry 60 121–139 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1019887505651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • F. Laturnus F. Lauritsen C. Grøn (2000) ArticleTitleOccurrence of chloroform in forest soil - toward an evidence of biogenic origin Water Resour. Res. 36 2999–3009 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000WR900194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Lee (1997) 36Cl Transport and Fate in Soil Imperial College UK

    Google Scholar 

  • G.E. Likens F.H. Bormann R.S. Pierce J.S. Eayton N.M. Johnson (1977) Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem Springer-Verlag New York

    Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Lobert W.C. Keene J.A. Logan R. Yevich (1999) ArticleTitleGlobal chlorine emissions from biomass burning: reactive chlorine emissions inventory J. Geophys. Res. 104 8373–8389 Occurrence Handle10.1029/1998JD100077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Lönner et al. (1998) Kostnader och tillgänglighet för trädbränslen på mellanlång sikt [Cost and supply of wood fuels at an intermediate time range] Institutionen för Skog-Industri-MarknadsstudierSveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Uppsala

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxe L. 1995. Effects of acidification on groundwater in Sweden. Report 4388. ISBN 91-620-4388-9, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

  • B. Michalzik K. Kalbitz J.-H. Park S. Solinger E. Matzner (2001) ArticleTitleFluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen – a synthesis for temperate forests Biogeochemistry 52 173–205 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006441620810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Morrison G.R. Schonbaum (1976) ArticleTitlePeroxidase-catalyzed halogenation Ann. Rev. Biochem. 45 861–888 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.bi.45.070176.004241 Occurrence Handle786162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • G. Müller W. Schmitz (1985) ArticleTitleHalogenorganische Verbindungen in aquatischen Sedimenten: antropogen und biogen Chemiker-Zeitung 109 415–417

    Google Scholar 

  • S.C.B. Myneni (2002) ArticleTitleFormation of stable chlorinated hydrocarbons in weathering plant material Science 295 1039–1041 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1067153 Occurrence Handle11799203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Nadelhoffer J.W. Reich (1992) ArticleTitleFine root production estimates and below ground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems Ecology 73 1139–1147

    Google Scholar 

  • S.L. Neidleman J. Geigert (1986) Biohalogenation: Principles, Basic roles and Applications. Ellis Horwood Series in Organic Chemistry Ellis Horwood Limited Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Nkusi G. Müller (1995) Naturally produced organohalogens: AOX-monitoring in plants and sediments A. Grimvall E.W.B. de Leer (Eds) Naturally-produced Organohalogens Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 261–268

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Öberg. 2003. The biogeochemistry of chlorine in soil. In: G. Gribble. Natural Production of Organohalogen Compounds. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer-Verlag. pp. 43--62

  • G. Öberg C. Grøn (1998) ArticleTitleSources of organic halogens in spruce forest soil Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 1573–1579 Occurrence Handle10.1021/es9708225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Öberg P. Sandén (2005) ArticleTitleRetention of chloride in soil and cycling of organic matter bound chlorine Hydrol. Process 19 2123–2136 Occurrence Handle10.1002/hyp.5680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Öberg I. Börjesson B. Samuelsson (1996a) ArticleTitleNet change in organically bound halogens in relation to soil pH WaterAirSoil Pollut. 89 351–361 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00171641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Öberg E. Nordlund B. Berg (1996b) ArticleTitle In situ formation of organically bound halogens during decomposition of Norway spruce litter – effects of fertilization Can. J. Forest Res. 26 1040–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Öberg C. Johansen C. Grøn (1998) ArticleTitleOrganic halogens in spruce forest throughfall Chemosphere 36 IssueID8 1689–1701 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10057-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J.H.K. Paasivirta et al. (1985) ArticleTitlePolychlorinated phenols, guaiacols and catechols in environment Chemosphere 14 469–491 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0045-6535(85)90241-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. Page (Eds) (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis. Chemical and Microbial Properties. Agronomy, Vol. 9 American Society of Agronomy Inc. Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikka M. and Vikinge B. 1994. Kvantiteter och ekonomi vid bränsle- och massavedsuttag i första gallring. Institution för Skog-Industri-Marknad Studier, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, Rapport 37.

  • M. Parikka (2000) ArticleTitleBiosims – a method for the estimation of woody biomass for fuel in Sweden Ecol. Eng. 16 73–82 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0925-8574(00)00055-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M. Parikka B. Vikinge (1994) Kvantiteter och ekonomi vid bränsle- och massavedsuttag i första gallring Institution för Skog-Industri-Marknad StudierSveriges Lantbruksuniversitet Uppsala

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikka M. and Vikinge B. 2001. Swedish wood fuel supply in the medium time perspective. In: Sayigh A. (ed.), World Renewable Energy Congress IV. Brighton, UK, pp. 1412–1416.

  • M.J. Potts (1978) ArticleTitleThe pattern of deposition of air-borne salt of marine origin under a forest canopy Plant Soil 50 233–236 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF02107173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.G. Qualls B.L. Haines (1991) ArticleTitleGeochemistry of dissolved organic nutrients in water percolating through a forest ecosystem Soil Sci. Sot. Am. 55 1112–l123

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Raab H. Vedin (Eds) (1995) Klimatsjöar och vattendrag. Nationalatlas Bokförlaget Bra Böcker Höganäs

    Google Scholar 

  • K.R. Redeker N.Y. Wand J. Low A. McMillan S.C. Tyler R. Cicerone (2000) ArticleTitleEmissions of methyl halides from paddies Science 290 966–969 Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.290.5493.966 Occurrence Handle11062125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R.C. Rhew B.R. Miller R.F. Weiss (2000) ArticleTitleNatural methyl bromide and methyl chloride emissions from coastal salt marshes Nature 403 292–295 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35002043 Occurrence Handle10659844

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M. Rodstedth C. Ståhlberg P. Sandén G. Öberg (2003) ArticleTitleChloride imbalances in soil lysimeters Chemosphere 52 IssueID2 381–389 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00192-9 Occurrence Handle12738260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Rowell (1994) Soil Science: Methods and Applications Wiley New York

    Google Scholar 

  • W.S. Sae (1969) Biological Halogenation – Chloroperoxidase Kansas State University Kansas

    Google Scholar 

  • W.H. Schlesinger (1997) Biogeochemistry. An Analysis of Global Change Academic Press San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Schleyer I. Renner D. Mühlhausen (1991) Beeinflussung der Grundwasserqualität durch luftgetragene organische Schadstoffe. WaBoLu-Hefte 5/1991 Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene des Bundesgesundheitsamtes Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • P.D. Shaw L.P. Hager (1959) ArticleTitleAn enzymatic chlorination reaction J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81 1011–1012 Occurrence Handle10.1021/ja01513a069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Singh (1984) Conversion of tree volume to biomass in the prairie provinces Northern Forest Research CentreCanadian Forestry Service Edmonton

    Google Scholar 

  • W.M.J. Strachan (1988) ArticleTitleToxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7 871–877

    Google Scholar 

  • K.-H. van Pee (2001) ArticleTitleMicrobial synthesis of halometabolites Arch. Microbiol. 175 250–258 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002030100263 Occurrence Handle11382220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R. Watling D.B. Harper (1998) ArticleTitleChloromethane production by wood-rotting fungi and an estimate of the global flux to the atmosphere Mycol. Res. 102 IssueID7 769–787 Occurrence Handle10.1017/S0953756298006157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinterbäck J., Parikka M. and Eriksson H. 1998. Kväveavlastning genom uttag av trädbränslen, en kvantitativ analys [Nitrogen reduction by removals of wood fuels, a quantitative analysis]. Vattenfall Utveckling AB.

  • N. Winterton (2000) ArticleTitleChlorine: the only green element – towards a wider acceptance of its role in natural cycles Green Chem. 2 173–225 Occurrence Handle10.1039/b003394o

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.A. Vogt C.C. Grier D.J. Vogt (1986) ArticleTitleProduction, turnover and nutrient dynamics of above- and belowground detritus of world forests Adv. Ecol. Res. 15 303–377

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Thematic Studies, Linköpings Universitet, 60174, Norrköping, Sweden

    G. Öberg, P. Sandén & T. Svensson

  2. Local Forest Administration, Östergötland, Sweden

    M. Holm

  3. Department of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden

    M. Parikka

Authors
  1. G. Öberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Holm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Sandén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Svensson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Parikka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to G. Öberg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Öberg, G., Holm, M., Sandén, P. et al. The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden. Biogeochemistry 75, 241–269 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-7259-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-7259-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation