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An assessment of natural and human disturbance effects on Mexican ecosystems: current trends and research gaps

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Abstract

Mexico harbors more than 10% of the planet’s endemic species. However, the integrity and biodiversity of many ecosystems is experiencing rapid transformation under the influence of a wide array of human and natural disturbances. In order to disentangle the effects of human and natural disturbance regimes at different spatial and temporal scales, we selected six terrestrial (temperate montane forests, montane cloud forests, tropical rain forests, tropical semi-deciduous forests, tropical dry forests, and deserts) and four aquatic (coral reefs, mangrove forests, kelp forests and saline lakes) ecosystems. We used semi-quantitative statistical methods to assess (1) the most important agents of disturbance affecting the ecosystems, (2) the vulnerability of each ecosystem to anthropogenic and natural disturbance, and (3) the differences in ecosystem disturbance regimes and their resilience. Our analysis indicates a significant variation in ecological responses, recovery capacity, and resilience among ecosystems. The constant and widespread presence of human impacts on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is reflected either in reduced area coverage for most systems, or reduced productivity and biodiversity, particularly in the case of fragile ecosystems (e.g., rain forests, coral reefs). In all cases, the interaction between historical human impacts and episodic high intensity natural disturbance (e.g., hurricanes, fires) has triggered a reduction in species diversity and induced significant changes in habitat distribution or species dominance. The lack of monitoring programs assessing before/after effects of major disturbances in Mexico is one of the major limitations to quantifying the commonalities and differences of disturbance effects on ecosystem properties.

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Abbreviations

CHD:

Chihuahuan desert

CRC:

Coral reefs from the Caribbean Sea

CRP:

Coral reefs from the Pacific Ocean

ENSO:

El Niño Southern Oscillation

KF:

Kelp forest

LTER:

Long term ecological research network (ILTER, international MEXLTER, Mexican chapter of the ILTER)

MCF:

Montane cloud forests

MFYP:

Mangrove forests from the Yucatan Peninsula

NTFP:

Non-timber forest products

SLE:

Saline lake ecosystems

TDF:

Tropical dry forests

TMF:

Temperate montane forests

TRF:

Tropical rain forest

TSDF:

Tropical semi-deciduous forests of the Yucatan Peninsula

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Acknowledgments

The preparation of the manuscript was supported by funding from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia to the RED MEXLTER program (CONACyT-Fondo Institucional: I0002; Proyecto# 24847, Etapa: 001) through the project Demandas Hidrológicas de los Ecosistemas Naturales en Mexico: Fase 1. Partial funding for VHRM participation was provided by the NSF Florida Coastal Everglades-LTER program under Cooperative Agreements #DBI-0620409 and #DEB-9910514. We thank a number of colleagues from the RED MEXLTER for comments and ideas during the preparation of this work and Enriquena Bustamante and Bárbara Rojas for editing assistance and anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. División de Oceanología, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Carretera Ensenada, Tijuana 3918, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

    Luis E. Calderon-Aguilera & Lydia B. Ladah

  2. Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, School of the Coast and the Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70830, USA

    Víctor H. Rivera-Monroy

  3. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Funcional, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Luciana Porter-Bolland

  4. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo, Postal 1354, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico

    Angelina Martínez-Yrízar & Alberto Búrquez

  5. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Campus Morelia) Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro, 8701, Ex Hacienda San José de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    Miguel Martínez-Ramos & Diego R. Pérez-Salicrup

  6. Proyecto de Investigación en Limnología Tropical, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de los Barrios, No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, Mexico

    Javier Alcocer

  7. Departamento de Producción Forestal, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico

    Ana Luisa Santiago-Pérez

  8. Depto Ecología y Sistemática Acuática, Área Conservación de la Biodiversidad El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad Chetumal, Av. Centenario km 5.5, 77900, Chetumal, Quintanta Roo, Mexico

    Héctor A. Hernandez-Arana

  9. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Miguel de Cervantes No 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, 31109, Chihuahua, Mexico

    Víctor M. Reyes-Gómez

  10. Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, 20100, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico

    Vicente Díaz-Nuñez & Joaquín Sosa-Ramírez

  11. CINVESTAV-IPN, Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Jorge Herrera-Silveira

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  1. Luis E. Calderon-Aguilera
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  2. Víctor H. Rivera-Monroy
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Correspondence to Luis E. Calderon-Aguilera.

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Calderon-Aguilera, L.E., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Porter-Bolland, L. et al. An assessment of natural and human disturbance effects on Mexican ecosystems: current trends and research gaps. Biodivers Conserv 21, 589–617 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0218-6

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