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Conservation in tropical landscape mosaics: the case of the cacao landscape of southern Bahia, Brazil

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Abstract

A recent debate has contrasted two conservation strategies in agricultural landscapes; either “land sparing” farm development combining intensive production practices with forest set-asides, or “wildlife-friendly” farming with greater on-farm habitat value but lower yields. We argue that in established mosaic landscapes including old cacao production regions where natural forest has already been reduced to relatively small fragments, a combination of both strategies is needed to conserve biodiversity. After reviewing the evidence for the insufficiency of either strategy alone if applied to such landscapes, the paper focuses on the cacao production landscape of southern Bahia, Brazil, once the world’s second largest cacao producer. Here, small remaining areas of Atlantic Forest are embedded in a matrix dominated by traditional cacao agroforests, resulting in a landscape mosaic that has proven favorable to the conservation of the region’s high biodiversity. We show that current land use dynamics and public policies pose threats but also offer opportunities to conservation and describe a three-pronged landscape conservation strategy, consisting of (i) expansion of the protected areas system, (ii) promotion of productive yet biodiversity-friendly cacao farming practices, and (iii) assistance to land users to implement legally mandated on-farm reserves and voluntary private reserves. We discuss recent experiences concerning the implementation of this strategy, discuss likely future scenarios, and reflect on the applicability of the Bahian experience to biodiversity rich cacao production regions elsewhere in the tropics.

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Acknowledgments

The work in Bahia reviewed in this paper has over the years received support from various donors, including Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), European Union, SAVE Brasil/BirdLife International, USAID, PPG7, Citibank, and PDA Mata Atlântica to IESB; PROBIO–PRONABIO/MMA–CNPq/BIRD–GEF, CNPq–Programa Nordeste, PRONEX-CNPq/FAPESB, and FAPESB to UESC; and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and Seeds of Change for Conservation International. DF and JHCD also acknowledge their research grants from CNPq. Comments from Luiz Paulo de Souza Pinto helped to improve the text.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mars Incorporated and Federal University of Western Pará, CP 513, Santarém, Pará, 68109-971, Brazil

    Götz Schroth

  2. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45650-000, Brazil

    Deborah Faria & Jacques H. C. Delabie

  3. Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais do Sul da Bahia (IESB), Rua Araujo Pinho 72, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45653-145, Brazil

    Marcelo Araujo, Camila R. Cassano & Leonardo C. Oliveira

  4. Conservação Internacional, Avenida Getúlio Vargas 1300, 7° andar, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30112-021, Brazil

    Lucio Bede

  5. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, Republic of Panamá

    Sunshine A. Van Bael

  6. Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, n°321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil

    Camila R. Cassano

  7. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA

    Leonardo C. Oliveira

  8. Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau, CEPLAC, Caixa Postal 7, Itabuna, Bahia, 45600-000, Brazil

    Jacques H. C. Delabie

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  1. Götz Schroth
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Appendix: Some recommendations for biodiversity-friendly management of cacao farms in southern Bahia, Brazil

Appendix: Some recommendations for biodiversity-friendly management of cacao farms in southern Bahia, Brazil

Cabrucas

Manage at least half of the cacao area of the farm as cabruca, tentatively defined as a cacao production system with at least 30% cover in the canopy stratum, with at least 50% of the canopy area provided by native trees and at least 20 native tree species per hectare. Ensure that spontaneous or artificial regeneration are adequate to fill canopy gaps and replace aging shade trees as necessary. Do not convert cabrucas into simpler structured cacao production systems.

Respect the legal restrictions on felling native Atlantic Forest trees. Where the reduction of the shade level in cabrucas is inevitable, remove or (preferably) prune exotic and common tree species and conserve native, slow growing and rare species. Conserve trees that provide food, nesting or other resources to fauna, such as hollow trees, fruit trees and trees carrying epiphytes. Maintain epiphytes also in the understory as far as possible. When thinning the shade canopy, attempt to maintain some paths with connecting crowns for arboreal fauna.

Manage cabrucas and other farm areas to conserve soil and water. Use agrochemicals only as needed and with orientation from a qualified professional. Consider using organic practices.

Forest conservation

Demarcate, register and (if necessary) restore a legal reserve on the farm or an alternative area within the same watershed, as required by law. If possible, plan the legal reserve to form large continuous blocks with other forest areas, reserves of neighboring properties, riparian corridors and cabrucas, maximizing connectivity and minimizing edge effects. Use the legal reserve only in conformity with the legislation. Do not permit access of livestock to the legal reserve.

Maintain at least 50% of each property under forest cover, including “true” forest, cabrucas, and other agroforestry systems with similar vegetation structure. Do not convert mature or secondary forests of more than 10 years for agriculture. Use only areas of young regrowth for establishing annual crops and pastures, and locate such land uses in such a way that they do not isolate or increase the borders of forest fragments and cabrucas. Restore connectivity in farms where forest fragments and cabrucas have become isolated.

Do not illegally extract or permit the extraction of timber. The selective harvesting of trees in cabrucas and legal reserves is permitted as long as it is in conformity with legislation.

Maintain or restore forest cover in at least 90% of the “areas of permanent preservation”, including riparian buffer strips and steep slopes. Do not use agrochemicals in these areas and manage them in such a way as to avoid any visible erosion.

Fauna conservation

Do not hunt or permit hunting. Encourage small livestock husbandry by farm employees as alternative sources of protein.

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Schroth, G., Faria, D., Araujo, M. et al. Conservation in tropical landscape mosaics: the case of the cacao landscape of southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 20, 1635–1654 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0052-x

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