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No rest for the laurels: symbiotic invaders cause unprecedented damage to southern USA forests

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Abstract

Laurel wilt is an extraordinarily destructive exotic tree disease in the southeastern United States that involves new-encounter hosts in the Lauraceae, an introduced vector (Xyleborus glabratus) and pathogen symbiont (Raffaelea lauricola). USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to estimate that over 300 million trees of redbay (Persea borbonia sensu lato) have succumbed to the disease since the early 2000s (ca 1/3 of the pre-invasion population). In addition, numerous native shrub and tree species in the family are susceptible and  threatened in the Western Hemisphere. Genetic markers were used to test the hypothesis that the vector and pathogen entered North America as a single introduction. With a portion of the cytochrome oxidase I gene, a single X. glabratus haplotype was detected in the USA. Similarly, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms indicated that 95% (54 of 57) of the isolates of R. lauricola that were examined were of a single clonal genotype; only minor variation was detected in three polymorphic isolates. Similar levels of disease developed after swamp bay (P. palustris) was inoculated with each of the four genotypes of R. lauricola. It is proposed that a single founding event is responsible for the laurel wilt epidemic in the United States.

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Fig. 1

Photos by: a Chip Bates, Georgia Forestry Commission. b Jiri Hulcr, University of Florida

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Acknowledgements

We thank John Coulston (USDA Forest Service) and Bill Smith (USDA Forest Service, ret.) for assistance with FIA data analyses, Stephen Fraedrich (USDA Forest Service) for donating fungal isolates, Kathy Smith (USDA Forest Service) for assistance with molecular techniques, and our three anonymous pre-submission manuscript reviewers. Funding was provided by the USDA Forest Service Region 8 Forest Health Protection and STDP programs.

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Author notes

  1. M. A. Hughes

    Present address: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Hilo, HI, USA

  2. C. Anderson

    Present address: Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

  3. T. J. Dreaden

    Present address: Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Research and Education Center, Lexington, KY, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    M. A. Hughes, C. Anderson, T. J. Dreaden & J. A. Smith

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA

    J. J. Riggins & J. P. Formby

  3. Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

    F. H. Koch

  4. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    A. I. Cognato

  5. Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, USA

    R. C. Ploetz

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M. A. Hughes and J. J. Riggins have contributed equally to this manuscript.

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Hughes, M.A., Riggins, J.J., Koch, F.H. et al. No rest for the laurels: symbiotic invaders cause unprecedented damage to southern USA forests. Biol Invasions 19, 2143–2157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1427-z

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