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Aquaculture and the spread of introduced mussel genes in British Columbia

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Abstract

Aquaculture can promote the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) into wild marine environments. In addition, NIS aquaculture escapees may hybridize with closely-related native species introducing foreign alleles to their gene pool. To quantify the influence of mussel aquaculture on the native community in British Columbia we sampled mussels from fourteen locations on Vancouver Island. There are two native species in this region, M. trossulus and M. californianus, and two farmed NIS, Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis, both originally from Europe. DNA was extracted from mussel tissue and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxydase subunit 1 (COI) gene was sequenced. One nuclear locus that exhibits different alleles for M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus (Glu-5′) was also characterized, using PCR, in order to identify heterozygotes. We found the proportion of NIS introgression depended primarily on farm density. Other habitat traits such as the degree of exposure to the open sea and, to a minor extent, salinity, contributed significantly to explain the distribution of introgressed individuals. Different habitat preference of NIS and native species, and marine currents, provide additional explanations for the distribution of alien and native species along Vancouver Island coasts. As a whole, our results suggest that native M. trossulus populations are more introgressed by M. galloprovincialis genes in open habitats.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to A. Burrill, E. Hertz, Z. Mueller and L. Wiwchar for their assistance with sample collection. We are also thankful to Dr. H. Gurney-Smith for helping with her field knowledge. EGV was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education (Grant PRX12/00217). VCP held a Cajastur Mobility Grant 2011/2012. This project was supported by the Principado de Asturias (Grant SV-PA-13-ECOEMP-41; GRUPIN14-093) and the Spanish National Grant MINECO CGL2013-42415-R, in collaboration with the Campus of Excellence of the University of Oviedo, and the Liber Ero endowment (FJ) and by NSERC (Canada) Discovery Grants (JST, FJ).

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  1. Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain

    V. Crego-Prieto, A. Ardura, A. Roca & E. Garcia-Vazquez

  2. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada

    F. Juanes & J. S. Taylor

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  1. V. Crego-Prieto
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Correspondence to E. Garcia-Vazquez.

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Crego-Prieto, V., Ardura, A., Juanes, F. et al. Aquaculture and the spread of introduced mussel genes in British Columbia. Biol Invasions 17, 2011–2026 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0853-z

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