Abstract
A thorough understanding of the reproductive phenology of introduced species is crucial for effective management and control. Undaria pinnatifida is an invasive macroalga from the Northwest Pacific which has been recently introduced into three countries in the Southern Hemisphere: Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. Reproductive phenological studies in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, were undertaken and compared with other populations in the Southern Hemisphere, especially with those from Tasmania which were suspected to be very different. The growth season began earlier in Port Phillip Bay than in Tasmanian populations, and abundance was higher. Growth rates were lower in Port Phillip Bay, but this might be due to the different morphology of both populations. The maximum spore release competency of U. pinnatifida in Port Phillip Bay was 12.1 × 105 spores cm−2 h−1 which is 20 times the maximum obtained in Tasmania (0.6 × 105 spores cm−2 h−1). For most of the growth season, spore release competency ranged between 2 and 3 × 105 spores cm−2 h−1, 3–5 times more than in Tasmania. Undaria pinnatifida has not been established outside Port Phillip Bay in continental Australia, but a precautionary approach should be undertaken in order to avoid further spread. Monitoring for early detection and removal of immature sporophytes prior to spore release seem to be the best options. This monitoring should be continuous since new recruits may appear throughout the growth season (April–February) and it should be combined with informative programmes to reduce the chances of spread.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguilar-Rosas R, Aguilar-Rosas LE, Ávila-Serrano G, Marcos-Ramírez R (2004) First record of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Bot Mar 47:255–258
Bité JS (2001) The ecology and demography of the introduced macroalga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. M.Sc. Thesis, Victoria University, p 101
Boudouresque CE, Gerbal M, Knoepffler-Peguy M (1985) L’algae japonnaise Undaria pinnatifida (Phaecophyceae, Laminariales) en Méditerranée. Phycologia 24:364–366
Campbell SJ, Burridge TR (1998) Ocurrence of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Mar Freshw Res 49:379–381
Carlton JT (1996) Patterns, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biol Conserv 78:97–106
Carlton JT (2001) Introduced species in U.S. coastal waters: environmental impacts and management priorities. Pew Ocean Communication, Arlington, p 28
Casas GL, Piriz ML, Parodi ER (2008) Population features of the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) in Nuevo Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 88:21–28
Castric-Fey A, Beaupoil C, Bouchain J, Pradier E, L’Hardy-Halos MTh (1999a) The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Alariaceae) in the rocky shore ecosystem of the St Malo area: morphology and growth of the sporophyte. Bot Mar 42:71–82
Castric-Fey A, Beaupoil C, Bouchain J, Pradier E, L’Hardy-Halos MTh (1999b) The introduced alga Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Alariaceae) in the rocky shore ecosystem of the St Malo area: growth rate and longevity of the sporophyte. Bot Mar 42:83–96
Chapman ARO (1984) Reproduction, recruitment and mortality in two speces of Laminaria in southwest Nova Scotia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 78:99–109
Chapman ARO (1986) Population and community ecology of seaweeds. In: Blaxter JHS, Southwood AJ (eds) Advance in marine biology, vol 23. Academic Press, London, pp 1–161
Choi HG, Kim YS, Lee SJ, Nam KW (2007) Growth and reproductive patterns of Undaria pinnatifida sporophytes in a cultivation farm in Busam, Korea. J Appl Phycol 19:131–138
Cohen BF, McArthur MA, Parry GD (2001) Exotic marine pests in the Port of Melbourne, Victoria. Mar Freshw Resour Inst Rept 25 (Queenscliff, 69 pp)
Curiel D, Bellemo G, Marzocchi M, Scattolin M, Parisi G (1998) Distribution of introduced Japanese macroalgae Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum muticum (Phaeophyta) and Antihamnion pectinatum (Rhodophyta) in the Lagoon of. Venice. Hydrobiology 385:17–22
Currie DR, Crookes DP (1997) Exotic marine pests in the port of hastings, Victoria. Mar Freshw Resour Inst Rept 4 (Queenscliff, 47 pp)
Currie DR, McArthur MA, Cohen BF (1998) Exotic marine pests in the port of Geelong, Victoria. Mar Freshw Resour Inst Rept 8 (Queenscliff, 72 pp)
Dean PR, Hurd CL (2007) Seasonal growth, erosion rates, and nitrogen and photosynthetic ecophysiology of Undaria pinnatifida (Heterokontophyta) in Southern New Zealand. J Phycol 43:1138–1148
Fletcher RL, Manfredi C (1995) The occurrence of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) on the south coast of England. Bot Mar 38:355–358
Forrest BM, Brown SN, Taylor MD, Hurd CL, Hay CH (2000) The role of natural dispersal mechanisms in the spread of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 39(6):547–553
Gerasimiuk VP (2008) Algae of marine littoral and inland water bodies of Galindez Island (Argentine Islands, Antarctic). Int J Algae 10:1–13
Harris G, Batley G, Fox D, Hall D, Jernakoff P, Malloy R, Murray A, Newell B, Parslow J, Skyring G, Walker S (1996) Port Phillip Bay environmental study final report. CSIRO, Canberra, p 239
Hay CH, Luckens PA (1987) The Asían kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) found in a New Zealand harbour. NZ J Bot 25:329–332
Hayes KR, Barry SC (2008) Are there any consistent predictors of invasion success? Biol Invasions 10(4):483–506
Hayes KR, Sliwa C (2003) Identifying potential marine pests—a deductive approach applied to Australia. Mar Pollut Bull 46:91–98
Hewitt CL, Willing J, Bauckham A, Cassidy AM, Cox CMS, Jones L, Wotton DM (2004) New Zealand marine biosecurity: delivering outcomes in a fluid environment. NZ J Mar Freshw Res 38:429–438
Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, McEnnulty F, Moore KM, Murfet NB, Robertson B, Schaffelke B (2005) Efficacy of physical removal of a marine pest: the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida in a Tasmanian marine reserve. Biol Invasions 7:251–263
Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, Schaffelke B (2007) Introductions of seaweeds: accidental pathways and mechanisms. Bot Mar 50:326–337
Jeschke MJ, Strayer DL (2008) Are threat status and invasion success two sides of the same coin? Ecography 31:124–130
Koh CH, Shin HC (1990) Growth and size distribution of some large brown algae in Ohori, east coast of Korea. Proc Int Seaweed Symp 13:215–222
Lavergne S, Molofsky J (2007) Increased genetic variation and evolutionary potential drive the success of an invasive grass. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 104(10):3883–3888
Lawton JH, Brown KC (1986) The population and community ecology of invading insects. The Philos Trans R Soc Lond, Ser B 314:607–617
Lodge DM (1993) Biological invasions: lessons for ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 8:133–137
Martín JP, Bastida R (2008) El alga invasora Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar en la Ría Deseado (Patagonia austral, Argentina): ciclo del esporófito y factores ambientales determinantes de su distribución. (The invasive seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar in Ría Deseado (Southern Patagonia, Argentina): sporophyte cycle and environmental factors determining its distribution). Rev Biol Mar Oceanogr 43(2):335–344
Martín JP, Cuevas JM (2006) First record of Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in Southern Patagonia, Argentina. Biol Invasions 8(6):1399–1402
McKinney ML, Lockwood JL (1999) Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends Ecol Evol 14(11):450–453
Parry GD, Cohen BF (2001) Exotic species established in Western Port, including an assessment of the status of the exotic species Corbula gibba, Alexandrium spp, Gymnodium spp and Undaria pinnatifida. Mar Freshw Resour Inst Rept 45 (Queenscliff, 31 pp)
Piriz ML, Casas G (1994) Ocurrence of Undaria pinnatifida in Golfo Nuevo, Argentina. Appl Phycol Forum 10:4
Prentis PJ, Wilson JRU, Dormontt EE, Richardson DM, Lowe AJ (2008) Adaptative evolution in invasive species. Trends Plant Sci 13(6):288–294
Russell LK, Hepburn CD, Hurd CL, Stuart MD (2008) The expanding range of Undaria pinnatifida in southern New Zealand: distribution, dispersal mechanisms and the invasion of wave exposed environments. Biol Invasions 10:103–115
Salinas JM, Llera EM, Fuertes C (1996) Note on the presence of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in Asturias (Bay of Biscay). Bol Inst Esp Oceanogr 12:77–79
Sanderson JC, Barret N (1989) A survey of the distribution of the introduced Japanese macroalga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer in Tasmania, December 1988. Technical report 38. Dep Sea Fisheries, Hobart, 35 pp
Schaffelke B, Campbell ML, Hewitt CL (2005) Reproductive phenology of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) in Tasmania, Australia. Phycologia 44(1):84–94
Silva PC, Woodfield RA, Cohen AN, Harris LH, Goddard JHR (2002) First report of the Asían kelp Undaria pinnatifida in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Biol Invasions 4:333–338
Sliwa C, Johnson CR, Hewitt CL (2006) Mesoscale dispersal of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida attached to unstable substrata. Bot Mar 49:396–405
Stachowicz JJ, Whitlatch RB, Osman RW (1999) Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science 286:1577–1579
Stachowicz JJ, Fried H, Osman RW, Whitlatch RB (2002) Biodiversity, invasion resistance, and marine ecosystem function: Reconciling pattern and process. Ecology 83:2575–2590
Stuart MD (1997) Seasonal ecophysiology of Undaria pinnatifida in Otago Harbour, New Zealand. Ph.D. thesis, University of Otago, p 193
Uwai S, Nelson W, Neill K, Wang WD, Aguilar-Rosas LE, Boo SM, Kitayama T, Kawai H (2006) Genetic diversity in Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) deduced from mitochondria genes—origins and succession of introduced populations. Phycologia 45(6):687–695
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM (1997) Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499
Voisin M, Engel CR, Viar F (2005) Differential shuffling of native genetic diversity across introduced regions in a brown alga: Aquaculture vs. maritime traffic effects. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 102:5432–5437
Wallentinus I (1999) Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar. In: Gollasch S, Minchin D, Rosenthal H, Voigt M (eds) Case histories on introduced species: their general biology, distribution, range expansion and impact. University of Kiel, Berlin, pp 13–19
Whitney KD, Gabler CA (2008) Rapid evolution in introduced species, “invasive traits” and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential. Divers Distrib 14:569–580
Wonham MJ, Carlton JT, Ruiz GM, Smith LD (2000) Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions. Mar Biol 136(6):1111–1121
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the operators of the Blairgowrie Marina and Sandringham Marina for facilitating access during the course of this study and G. Franzitta (an international research fellow from the University of Palermo, Italy) that aided in data collection. We wish also to acknowledge the valuable comments of two anonymous reviewers. C Primo was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship through the Spanish Government.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Primo, C., Hewitt, C.L. & Campbell, M.L. Reproductive phenology of the introduced kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) in Port Phillip Bay (Victoria, Australia). Biol Invasions 12, 3081–3092 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9700-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9700-4