Abstract
The globalization of economies and trade have facilitated the spread of exotic species including the five most important freshwater suspension feeding invaders Dreissena polymorpha, D. bugensis, Corbicula fluminea, C. fluminalis, and Limnoperna fortunei. We suggest that the spread of these exotic species has not been a continuous process, but rather punctuated by periods of rapid long distance spread (jump), during which species greatly expanded their geographic ranges. Each jump has been associated with changes in the tempo of some human activity, such as the construction of shipping canals for trade, building of reservoirs for water storage and power production, political boundary changes or changes in political systems, which affected the position or permeability of national borders, human migration, changes in the mode and volume of international trade, or recent industrial practices and environmental laws. We hypothesize that the rate of spread of exotic species depends on the spatial scale of spread and may be accelerated or slowed by various human activities. In general, aquatic exotic species may quickly spread along connected waterways in a new continent they invade and soon reach their maximum range (continental scale). However, it will take much longer to colonize all isolated regions (regional scale) and longer still to spread to all isolated lakes and river systems (local scale). The difference in the rate of colonization across scales may be several orders of magnitude.
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Acknowledgments
A. Karatayev and L. Burlakova were supported by Stephen F. Austin State University (Faculty Research Grant # 14123 to A. Karatayev, L. Burlakova and D. Padilla, 2003–2004). L. Burlakova was also supported in part by a SFA Research Enhancement Minigrant. D. Minchin was supported by the European Union Framework 6th Programme, ALARM, contract GOCE-CT-2003-506675. D. Boltovskoy was supported by University of Buenos Aires grant X096. This work was conducted while D. Padilla was a Sabbatical Fellow a the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, a Center funded by NSF (Grant #DEB-0072909), the University of California and the Santa Barbara campus.
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Karatayev, A.Y., Padilla, D.K., Minchin, D. et al. Changes in Global Economies and Trade: the Potential Spread of Exotic Freshwater Bivalves. Biol Invasions 9, 161–180 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9013-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9013-9