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Can We Infer Island Introduction and Naturalization Rates from Inventory Data? Evidence from Introduced Plants in Galapagos

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Abstract

Studies of human-mediated rates of introduction of organisms to islands are few, results fall into two models (linear and exponential), and relationships with human population and activities are obscure. Owing to their late settlement and good scientific record, data from Galapagos may be exceptionally informative. The rate of introduction of vascular plant species to Galapagos has been suggested to be exponential, paralleling the rise in human population. However, detailed reconstruction of growth in numbers of introduced plant species, based on historical and recent records, reveals changes in study criteria over the last two centuries, which obscure the true introduction rate. At first, cultivated species were deliberately excluded from most studies. From the 1960s, naturalized cultivated species were included more consistently, but non-naturalized species were still excluded. From the mid-1980s, the latter were deliberately included. Accidental introductions increased linearly from 1807 (the first records) to the present. Escapes from cultivation show increases in rate around 1906 and in the period 1970–1990, the latter coinciding with the first studies directed at areas affected by human activities. Non-naturalized cultivated species rose abruptly from the late 1980s, as they became deliberately studied. There seems to be no direct link with human population size. Data represent rate of discovery rather than true introduction rate, and the changing overall rate reflects changing botanical interests and research effort. Data from other islands also suggest that linear increases in naturalized plants are the norm. Galapagos data do not permit confident statements about the introduction rate of cultivated species, but suggest that this may depend more on human activities than human population size.

Resumen

Los estudios de la tasa de introducción de los organismos a islas causada por los seres humanos son pocos; sus resultados caben dentro de dos modelos (linear y exponencial), y la relación con la población humana y sus actividades es oscura. Los datos de Galápagos pueden ser excepcionalmente informativos, debido a su colonización tardía y registro científico bueno. Se ha sugerido que la tasa de introducción de las plantas vasculares a Galápagos es exponencial, en paralelo al crecimiento de su población humana. Sin embargo, una reconstrucción detallada del incremento en número de especies de plantas introducidas, basada en los datos históricos y recientes, revela cambios en los criterios de estudio durante los últimos dos siglos, lo que oscurece la verdadera tasa de introducción. Al principio, se excluían de la mayoría de los estudios las especies cultivadas. Desde los 1960, se incluyeron con más regularidad las especies cultivadas naturalizadas, mientras las no-naturalizadas quedaban excluidas. Desde los 1980, estas últimas fueron intencionadamente incluidas. Las especies de introducción accidental demuestran un aumento linear en su número desde 1807 (los primeros registros) hasta la presente. Las especies cultivadas naturalizadas demostraron aumentos más rápidos alrededor de 1906 y también durante el período 1970–1990, cuando se realizaron los primeros estudios dirigidos a las áreas afectadas por actividades humanas. El número de especies cultivadas no-naturalizadas empezó a aumentar abruptamente en los últimos años de los 1980, en cuanto fueron incluidas sistemáticamente en los inventarios. No parece existir ningún vínculo directo con el tamaño de la población humana. Los datos representan más bien la tasa de reportes de presencia que la tasa verdadera de introducción, y la tasa cambiante refleja los cambios en los intereses botánicos y los esfuerzos de investigación. Los datos de otras islas también sugieren que un aumento linear de plantas naturalizadas es la norma. Los datos de Galápagos no permiten conclusiones fuertes sobre la tasa de introducción de las especies cultivadas, pero sugieren que ésta depende más de las actividades humanas que del tamaño de su población.

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Tye, A. Can We Infer Island Introduction and Naturalization Rates from Inventory Data? Evidence from Introduced Plants in Galapagos. Biol Invasions 8, 201–215 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-3574-2

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