Adaptive Evolution and Frequent Gene Conversion in the Brain Expressed X-Linked Gene Family in Mammals

Abstract

This work examines the molecular evolution of a brain-expressed X-linked gene family in the mammalian genomes of human, chimp, macaque, mouse, rat, dog, and cow. The gene structures are well conserved across family members and among the mammals in that all five members have three exons with the first two exons untranslated. Furthermore, the five members are arranged tandemly on chromosome X with Bex5, Bex1, Bex2 on the negative strand and Bex4, Bex3 on the positive strand, and this physical arrangement remains conserved among species. Sequence analyses indicate that gene conversion has been frequent and ongoing among Bex1-4, occurring in multiple species independently. All gene conversions in different species between Bex1 and Bex4, and between Bex2 and Bex3, appear to be limited to the upstream regions of the third exon, whereas the gene conversions occurred independently in different species between Bex1 and Bex2 and cover only the third exon. Bex5 appears to have little exchange of genetic information with other members, possibly due to its distance from other members. The GC content decreases from 5′-UTR, intron 1, intron 2, coding region, to 3′-UTR, reflecting faithfully the frequency of gene conversion in different regions of the Bex genes. Sequence analyses also suggest that both relaxed selective constraint and positive selection have acted on the Bex members after duplication. In particular, Bex3 shows strong evidence of positive selection and seems to have evolved a new gene function after gene duplication.