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Harmonia axyridis: What will stop the invader?

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Abstract

In recent years Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has become a very popular insect among biological control practitioners and scientists, not only for its potential to be an efficient biological control agent but also because it is considered invasive. Individuals of this species were deliberately introduced into several countries for biological control of different arthropods pests. However the predator itself became an invasive species, affecting the dynamics and composition of several guilds through direct or indirect interactions with established species, including intraguild predation. In this paper we discuss the reasons why the species has a high invasiveness and what are the limits to invasion by this species. It is not clear if the invasiveness of the beetle is linked to its biological, ecological and behavioural abilities, or to other factors such as invasibility and interactions between the invaders, the noninvaders, and the habitat, which may in part explain the reasons of its success and help us to answer the question “what will stop the invader?” We also discuss the reason for the absence of the predator in the Azores islands. Despite the intentional introduction of H. axyridis in the Azores and the high number of individuals released, there are no records of this species in the wild, despite recent extensive sampling effort. In this paper we discuss the reasons for the apparent failure or the delay in establishment of the predator. One factor which may hamper the establishment of H. axyridis in some of the Azores islands is the absence of winter environmental conditions, mainly the temperature which is seldom lower than 12°C, essential for the induction of diapause. The lack of success in the establishment could be also related to functional diversity saturation, that is species saturation and competitive exclusion of H. axyridis by other previously established species may be operating.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Peter Brown for his helpful comments on Table 1 and for sending original references about geographical distribution of H. axyridis in Europe. Thanks are also due to Ivo Hodek and Luis Silva, for their helpful comments on the following topics, overwintering of ladybird beetles and vegetation cover on the Azores, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento de Biologia, CIRN, Universidade dos Açores, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 13-A, 9501-801, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal

    António Onofre Soares & Isabel Borges

  2. Departmento de Ciências Agrárias, CITAA, Universidade dos Açores, 9700-851, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal

    Paulo A. V. Borges

  3. Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3P8

    Geneviève Labrie & Éric Lucas

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  1. António Onofre Soares
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Correspondence to António Onofre Soares.

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Soares, A.O., Borges, I., Borges, P.A.V. et al. Harmonia axyridis: What will stop the invader?. BioControl 53, 127–145 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-007-9141-x

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