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Family Matters: Happiness in Nuclear Families and Twins

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Abstract

Biometric studies have shown that happiness is strongly affected by genes. The findings are mainly based on twin data, however, and the full validity of the results has been debated. To overcome some limitations in classical twin research, we examined aetiological sources of subjective well-being (SWB), using two independent population-based samples, one including nuclear families (N = 54,540) and one including twins (N = 6,620). Biometric modelling using R was conducted to test for a data structure implying either non-additive genetic effects or higher environmental co-twin correlation in MZ than DZ pairs (violation of the EEA). We also estimated non-random mating, cultural transmission and shared environments specific for regular siblings and twins. Two sets of nested models were fitted and compared. The best explanatory model shows that family matters for happiness predominantly due to quantitative sex-specific genetic effects, a moderate spousal correlation and a shared twin environment. Upper limits for broad-sense heritability were estimated to be 0.33 (females) and 0.36 (males). Our study constitutes the most elaborate biometric study of SWB to date and illustrates the utility of including responses from multiple types of relatives in quantitative genetic analyses.

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Acknowledgments

Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (The HUNT Study) is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU), Nord-Trøndelag County Council and The Norwegian Institute of Public Health. The twin program of research at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health is supported by grants from The Norwegian Research Council, The Norwegian Foundation for Health and Rehabilitation, and by the European Commission under the programme “Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources” of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). We are very thankful to the twins for their participation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Mental Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PB 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway

    Ragnhild Bang Nes, N. Czajkowski & K. Tambs

  2. Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    K. Tambs

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  1. Ragnhild Bang Nes
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  2. N. Czajkowski
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  3. K. Tambs
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Correspondence to Ragnhild Bang Nes.

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Edited by Chandra A. Reynolds.

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Nes, R.B., Czajkowski, N. & Tambs, K. Family Matters: Happiness in Nuclear Families and Twins. Behav Genet 40, 577–590 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-010-9365-x

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