Abstract
Many reinforced concrete buildings have been built with masonry infill walls for architectural needs without considering their mechanical contribution. However, ignoring the structural influence of infills may lead to significant inaccuracies in the prediction of the actual seismic capabilities of the structure. Aiming at providing numerical tools suitable for engineering practice, simplified methodologies for predicting the nonlinear seismic behaviour of infilled frame structures (IFS) have been proposed, mostly considering the contribution of the infill as an equivalent diagonal strut element. In this paper, an alternative plane macro-element approach for the seismic assessment of IFS is proposed, validated and applied to a benchmark prototype building. The model validation is focused on recent experimental and numerical results that investigate the influence of non-structural infills, also in the presence of different openings layouts. As a benchmark investigation, a multi-storey plane frame prototype, for which the results of pseudo-dynamic tests are available, is investigated and compared to the results obtained by using a commonly adopted single-strut model. The merits and drawbacks of the considered numerical approaches are highlighted.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akhoundi F, Lourenço PB, Vasconcelos G (2015) Numerically based proposals for the stiffness and strength of masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. doi:10.1002/eqe.2688
Asteris P (2003) Lateral stiffness of brick masonry infilled plane frames. J Struct Eng 129(8):1071–1079
Asteris PG (2008) Finite element micro-modeling of infilled frames. Electron J Struct Eng 8:1–11
Asteris PG, Antoniou ST, Sophianopoulos D, Chrysostomou CZ (2011) Mathematical macromodeling of infilled frames: state of the art. J Struct Eng (ASCE) 137(12):1508–1517
Asteris P, Cavaleri L, Di Trapani F, Sarhosis V (2015) A macro-modelling approach for the analysis of infilled frame structures considering the effects of openings and vertical loads. Struct Infrastruct Eng 12(5):551–566
Buonopane SG, White RN (1999) Pseudodynamic testing of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame. J Struct Eng 125(6):578–589
Caliò I, Pantò B (2014) A macro-element modelling approach of infilled frame structures. Comput Struct 143:91–107
Caliò I, Marletta M, Pantò B (2012) A new discrete element model for the evaluation of the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. Eng Struct 40:327–338
Carvalho EC, Coelho E (2001) Seismic assessment, strengthening and repair of structures. radECOEST2-ICONS report no. 2, European Commission—Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme
CEST. DIANA user’s manual, Release 9.3
D’Ayala D, Worth J, Riddle O (2009) Realistic shear capacity assessment of infill frames: comparison of two numerical procedures. Eng Struct 31(8):1745–1761
Dawe JL, Seah CK (1988) Lateral load resistance of masonry panels in flexible steel frames. In: Proceedings of eighth international brick and block masonry conference, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Dolsek M, Fajfar P (2001) Soft storey effects in uniformly infilled reinforced concrete frames. J Earthq Eng 5:1–12
Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2004) Inelastic spectra for infilled reinforced concrete frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 33:1395–1416
Dolsek M, Fajfar P (2005) Simplified non-linear seismic analysis of infilled reinforced concrete frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34:49–66
Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2008) The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame—a deterministic assessment. Eng Struct 30(7):1991–2001
El-Dakhakhni W, Elgaaly M, Hamid A (2003) Three-strut model for concrete masonry-infilled steel frames. J Struct Eng 129(2):177–185
Ellul F, D’Ayala D (2012) Realistic FE models to enable push-over non linear analysis of masonry infilled frames. Open Constr Build Technol J 6(1):213–235
EN 1998-3 (2005a) Part 3 of the Eurocode 8—Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Section 2: Performance requirements and compliance criteria”. Sub-section 2.2: “Compliance criteria. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
EN 1998-3 (2005b) Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Fajfar P, Gaspersic P (1996) The N2 method for the seismic damage analysis of rc buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 25:31–46
Farid MN (ed) (1996) Experimental and numerical investigations on the seismic response of RC infilled frames and recommendations for code provisions. ECOEST/PREC 8, report no. 6. LNEC, Lisbon
Ghosh AK, Amde AM (2002) Finite element analysis of infilled frames. J Struct Eng 128(7):881–889
Harpal Singh, Paul DK, Sastry VV (1998) Inelastic dynamic response of reinforced concrete infilled frame. Comput Struct 69:685–693
Holmes M (1984) Steel frame with brickwork and concrete infilling. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, England, Part 2, vol 73, pp 473–478
Kakaletsis DJ, Karayannis CG (2008) Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cycling loading. J Earthq Eng 12(2):197–221
Kunnath S, Reinhorn A, Park Y (1990) Analytical modeling of inelastic seismic response of R/C structures. J Struct Eng 116(4):996–1017
Liauw TC, Kwan KH (1984) Nonlinear behaviour of non integral infilled frames. Comput Struct 18:551–560
Macorini L, Izzuddin BA (2011) A non-linear interface element for 3D mesoscale analysis of brick-masonry structures. Int J Numer Methods Eng 85:1584–1608. ISSN 0029-5981
Macro D (2015) 3D computer program for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings. Gruppo Sismica s.r.l., Catania, Italy. Release 3.1
Madan A, Reinhorn AM, Mander JB, Valles RE (1997) Modeling of masonry infill panels for structural analysis. J Struct Eng 123(10):1295–1302
Marques R, Lourenço PB (2011) Possibilities and comparison of structural component models for the seismic assessment of modern unreinforced masonry buildings. Comput Struct 89:2079–2091
Marques R, Lourenço PB (2014) Unreinforced and confined masonry buildings in seismic regions: validation of macro-element models and cost analysis. Eng Struct 64(52):67
Mehrabi AB, Shing PB (1997) Finite element modeling of masonry-infilled RC frames. J Struct Eng 123(5):604–613
Mehrabi A, Shing PB, Schuller M, Noland J (1996) Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled RC frames. J Struct Eng 122(3):228–237
Negro P, Colombo A (1997) Irregularities induced by non-structural masonry panels in framed buildings. Eng Struct 19:576–585
Pereira MFP (2013) Avaliação do desempenho das envolventes dos edifícios face à acção dos sismos. PhD thesis, University of Minho (tese de Doutoramento Engenharia Civil Manuel Fernando Paulo Pereira, na Universidade do Minho)
Pinto AV, Verzeletti G, Molina FJ, Varum H, Carvalho EC, Coelho E (2001) Pseudo-dynamic tests on non-seismic resisting RC frames (infilled frame and infill strengthened). EU Special Publication. ELSA, JRC-Ispra, EC, Lombardy
Polyakov SV (1960) On the interaction between masonry filler walls and enclosing frame when loading in the plane of the wall. Translation in earthquake engineering. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco, pp 36–42
Rodrigues H, Varum H, Costa A (2010) Simplified macro-model for infill masonry panels. J Earthq Eng 14(3):390–416
Stavridis A, Shing PB (2010) Finite-element modeling of nonlinear behavior of masonry-infilled RC frames. J Struct Eng 136(3):285–296
Thiruvengadam V (1985) On the natural frequencies of infilled frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 13(3):401–419
Varum H (2003) Seismic assessment, strengthening and repair of existing buildings. PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Žarnić R, Gostič S (1997) Masonry infilled frames as an effective structural sub-assemblage. In: Krawinkler Fajfar (ed) Seismic design methodologies for the next generation of codes. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 335–346
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pantò, B., Caliò, I. & Lourenço, P.B. Seismic safety evaluation of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames using macro modelling approach. Bull Earthquake Eng 15, 3871–3895 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0120-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0120-z