Abstract
We model thermal evolution of magnetars with a phenomenological heat source in a spherical internal layer and compare the results with observations of persistent thermal radiation from magnetars. We show that the heat source should be located in the outer magnetar’s crust, at densities ρ≲5×1011 g cm−3, and the heating rate should be ∼1020 erg cm−3 s−1. Heating deeper layers is extremely inefficient because the thermal energy is mainly radiated away by neutrinos and does not warm up the surface to the magnetar’s level. This deep heating requires too much energy; it is inconsistent with the energy budget of neutron stars.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akmal, A., Pandharipande, V.R., Ravenhall, D.G.: Rhys. Rev. C 58, 1804 (1998)
Beloborodov, A.M., Thompson, C.: Astrophys. J. (2006, submitted), astro-ph/0602417
Gavriil, F.P., Kaspi, V.M.: Astrophys. J. 567, 1067 (2002)
Geppert, U., Küker, M., Page, D.: Astron. Astrophys. 426, 267 (2004)
Geppert, U., Küker, M., Page, D.: Astron. Astrophys. 457, 937 (2006)
Gnedin, O.Y., Yakovlev, D.G., Potekhin, A.Y.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 324, 725 (2001)
Gotthelf, E.V., Gavriil, F.P., Kaspi, V.M., Vasisht, G., Chakrabarty, D.: Astrophys. J. 564, L31 (2002)
Gudmundsson, E.H., Pethick, C.J., Epstein, R.I.: Astrophys. J. 272, 286 (1983)
Gusakov, M.E., Kaminker, A.D., Yakovlev, D.G., Gnedin, O.Y.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 363, 555 (2005)
Heiselberg, H., Hjorth-Jensen, M.: Astrophys. J. 525, L45 (1999)
Heyl, J.: In: Proc. XXII Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics (2006, in press), astro-ph/0504077
Kaminker, A.D., Yakovlev, D.G., Potekhin, A.Y., Shibazaki, N., Shternin, P.S., Gnedin, O.Y.: Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 371, 477 (2006)
Kaspi, V.M., Gavriil, F.P.: Nuc. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 132, 456 (2004)
Kulkarni, S.R., Kaplan, D.L., Marshall, H.L., Frail, D.A., Murakami, T., Yonetoku, D.: Astrophys. J. 585, 948 (2003)
Lattimer, J.M., Pethick, C.J., Prakash, M., Haensel, P.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2701 (1991)
Lattimer, J.M., Van Riper, K.A., Prakash, M., Prakash, M.: Astrophys. J. 425, 802 (1994)
McGarry, M.B., Gaensler, B.M., Ransom, S.M., Kaspi, V.M., Veljkovik, S.: Astrophys. J. 627, L137 (2005)
Mereghetti, S., Chiarlone, L., Israel, G.L., Stella, L.: In: Becker, W., Lesch, H., Trümper, J. (eds.) 270 WE-Heraeus Seminar on Neutron Stars, Pulsars and Supernova Remnants, MPE Report 278, Garching, p. 29 (2002)
Morii, M., Sato, R., Kataoka, J., Kawai, N.: Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 55, L45 (2003)
Page, D., Geppert, U., Weber, F.: Nucl. Phys. A 777, 497 (2006)
Patel, S.K., Kouveliotou, C., Woods, P.M., Tennant, A.F., Weisskopf, M.C., Finger, M.H., Wilson, C.A., Göǧüs, E., van der Klis, M., Belloni, T.: Astrophys. J. 587, 367 (2003)
Potekhin, A.Y., Yakovlev, D.G.: Astron. Astrophys. 374, 213 (2001)
Potekhin, A.Y., Yakovlev, D.G., Chabrier, G., Gnedin, O.Y.: Astrophys. J. 594, 404 (2003)
Rea, N., Israel, G.L., Stella, L., Oosterbroek, T., Mereghetti, S., Angelini, L., Campana, S., Covino, S.: Astrophys. J. 586, L65 (2003)
Thompson, C., Duncan, R.C.: Astrophys. J. 473, 322 (1996)
Tilley, D.R., Tilley, J.: Superfluidity and Superconductivity. IOP, Bristol (1990)
Woods, P.M., Thompson, C.: In: Lewin, W.H.G, van der Klis, M. (eds.) Compact Stellar X-ray Sources, pp. 547. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)
Woods, P.M., Kouveliotou, C., Göǧüs, E., Finger, M.H., Swank, J., Smith, D.A., Hurley, K., Thompson, C.: Astrophys. J. 552, 748 (2001)
Woods, P.M., Kouveliotou, C., Göǧüs, E., Finger, M.H., Swank, J., Markwardt, C.B., Hurley, K., van der Klis, M.: Astrophys. J. 576, 381 (2002)
Woods, P.M., Kaspi, V.M., Thompson, C., Gavriil, F.P., Marshall, H.L., Chakrabarty, D., Flanagan, K., Heyl, J., Hernquist, L.: Astrophys. J. 605, 378 (2004)
Yakovlev, D.G., Pethick, C.J.: Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 42, 169 (2004)
Yakovlev, D.G., Kaminker, A.D., Gnedin, O.Y., Haense, P.: Phys. Rep. 354, 1 (2001)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaminker, A.D., Yakovlev, D.G., Potekhin, A.Y. et al. Cooling of magnetars with internal layer heating. Astrophys Space Sci 308, 423–430 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-007-9358-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-007-9358-2