Skip to main content
Log in

The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article reviews the DSM diagnostic criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD). Following an overview of the concept of female orgasm, research on the prevalence and associated features of FOD is briefly reviewed. Specific aspects of the DSM-IV-TR criteria for FOD are critically reviewed and key issues that should be considered for DSM-V are discussed. The DSM-IV-TR text on FOD focused on the physiological changes that may (or may not) accompany orgasm in women; one of the major recommendations here is that greater emphasis be given to the subjective aspects of the experience of orgasm. Additional specific recommendations are made for revision of diagnostic criteria, including the use of minimum severity and duration criteria, and better acknowledgment of the crucial role of relationship factors in FOD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, B. L., & Cyranowski, J. M. (1995). Women’s sexuality: Behaviors, responses, and individual differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 891–906.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avis, N. E., Stellato, R., Crawford, S., Johannes, C., & Longcope, C. (2000). Is there an association between menopause status and sexual functioning? Menopause, 7, 297–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balon, R. (2008). The DSM criteria of sexual dysfunction: Need for a change. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 34, 186–197.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balon, R., Segraves, R. T., & Clayton, A. (2007). Issues for DSM-V: Sexual dysfunction, disorder, or variation along normal distribution: Toward rethinking DSM criteria of sexual dysfunctions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 198–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J. (2009). Human sexuality and its problems (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston/Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., Graham, C. A., & McCord, C. (2001). Conceptualizing women’s sexual problems. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27, 95–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., Herbenick, D., & Reynolds, M. (2003a). Masturbation as a marker of sexual development. In J. Bancroft (Ed.), Sexual development in childhood (pp. 156–185). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J., Loftus, J., & Long, J. S. (2003b). Distress about sex: A national survey of women in heterosexual relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 193–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R. (2000). The female sexual response: A different model. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 51–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R. (2002). Are our definitions of women’s desire, arousal, and sexual pain disorders too broad and our definition of orgasmic disorder too narrow? Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28, 289–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R., Berman, J., Burnett, A., Derogatis, L., Ferguson, D., Fourcroy, J., et al. (2000). Report of the International Consensus Development Conference on Female Sexual Dysfunction: Definitions and classifications. Journal of Urology, 163, 888–893.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R., Leiblum, S., Brotto, L., Derogatis, L., Fourcroy, J., Fugl-Meyer, K., et al. (2003). Definitions of women’s sexual dysfunction reconsidered: Advocating expansion and revision. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 24, 221–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basson, R., & Weijmar Schultz, W. (2007). Sexual sequelae of general medical disorders. Lancet, 369, 350–352.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, S. R. H., Wamboldt, M. Z., Kaslow, N. J., Heyman, R. E., & Reiss, D. (2006). Describing relationship problems in DSM-V: Toward better guidance for research and clinical practice. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 359–368.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlen, G. J., Held, J. P., Sanderson, M. O., & Ahlgren, A. (1982). The female orgasm: Pelvic contractions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 367–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, M. (1994). Gender, science, and sexual dysfunction. In T. R. Sarbin & J. I. Kitsuse (Eds.), Constructing the social (pp. 101–118). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S. (2007). Vaginal orgasm is associated with better psychological function. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 22, 173–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S., & Costa, R. M. (2008). Vaginal orgasm is associated with less use of immature psychological defence mechanisms. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1167–1176.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byers, E. S., & Grenier, G. (2003). Premature or rapid ejaculation: Heterosexual couples’ perceptions of men’s ejaculatory behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 261–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catalan, J., Hawton, K., & Day, A. (1990). Couples referred to a sexual dysfunction clinic: Psychological and physical morbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 61–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, R. M., & Brody, S. (2007). Women’s relationship quality is associated with specifically penile–vaginal intercourse orgasm and frequency. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 33, 319–327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawood, K., Kirk, K. N., Bailey, J. M., Andrews, P. W., & Martin, N. G. (2005). Genetic and environmental influences on the frequency of orgasm in women. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 8, 27–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein, L., Lehert, P., & Burger, H. (2005). The relative effects of hormones and relationship factors on sexual function of women through the natural menopausal transition. Fertility and Sterility, 84, 174–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennerstein, L., Lehert, P., Burger, H., & Dudley, E. (1999). Factors affecting sexual functioning of women in the mid-life years. Climacteric, 2, 254–262.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R., Rosen, R., Leiblum, S., Burnett, A., & Heiman, J. (2002). The Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): Initial validation of a standardized scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress in women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28, 317–330.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, R. L., & Beam, I. (1931). A thousand marriages. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dove, N. L., & Wiederman, M. W. (2000). Cognitive distraction and women’s sexual functioning. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 67–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K. M., Cherkas, L. F., & Spector, T. D. (2005). Genetic influences on variation in female orgasmic function: A twin study. Biology Letters, 1, 260–263.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, S. (1973). The female orgasm. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, W. A., Rosen, R. C., Eardley, I., Sand, M., & Goldstein, I. (2005). Experience of female partners of men with erectile dysfunction: The Female Experience of Men’s Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (FEMALES) Study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2, 675–684.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foldes, P., & Buisson, O. (2009). The clitoral complex: A dynamic sonographic study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 1223–1231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, E., Anderson, C., & Rubinstein, D. (1978). Frequency of sexual dysfunction in “normal” couples. New England Journal of Medicine, 299, 111–115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1953). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 123–246). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1905)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fugl-Meyer, A. R., & Fugl-Meyer, K. S. (2006). Prevalence data in Europe. In I. Goldstein, C. M. Meston, S. R. Davis, & A. M. Traish (Eds.), Women’s sexual function and dysfunction: Study, diagnosis and treatment (pp. 34–41). Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graber, B., & Kline-Graber, G. (1979). Female orgasm: Role of pubococcygeus muscle. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 40, 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C. A., & Bancroft, J. (2006). Assessing the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction with surveys: What is feasible? In I. Goldstein, C. M. Meston, S. R. Davis, & A. M. Traish (Eds.), Women’s sexual function and dysfunction: Study, diagnosis and treatment (pp. 52–60). Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C. A., & Bancroft, J. (2009). The sexual dysfunctions. In M. Gelder, J. Lopez-Ibor, N. Andreasen, & J. Geddes (Eds.), New Oxford textbook of psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 821–832). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruenwald, I., Lowenstein, L., Gartman, I., & Vardi, Y. (2007). Physiological changes in female genital sensation during sexual stimulation. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4, 390–394.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. M., Cherkas, L. F., Kato, B. S., Heiman, J. R., & Spector, T. D. (2008). Normal variations in personality are associated with coital orgasmic infrequency in heterosexual women: A population-based study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1177–1183.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, U., Heiser, K., Ruffer-Hesse, C., & Kloth, G. (2002). Female sexual desire disorders: Subtypes, classification, personality factors and new directions for treatment. World Journal of Urology, 20, 79–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawton, K., Gath, D., & Day, A. (1994). Sexual function in a community sample of middle-aged women with partners: Effects of age, marital, socio-economic, psychiatric, gynecological, and menopausal factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 375–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. D., Dennerstein, L., Bennett, C. M., & Fairley, C. K. (2008). What is the ‘true’ prevalence of female sexual dysfunctions and does the way we assess these conditions have an impact? Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 777–787.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heiman, J. R. (2007). Orgasmic disorders in women. In S. R. Leiblum (Ed.), Principles and practices of sex therapy (pp. 84–123). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, J. F., Baggeley, M. R., & Watson, J. P. (1996). A four-year survey of an inner-city psychosexual clinic. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 11, 19–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hite, S. (1976). The Hite report. New York: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J. (1990). Disorders of desire: Sex and gender in modern American sexology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. S. (1974). The new sex therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaschak, E., & Tiefer, L. (Eds.). (2001). A new view of women’s sexual problems. New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, M. P., Strassberg, D. S., & Turner, C. M. (2004). Communication and associated relationship issues in female anorgasmia. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 30, 263–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, D. H., Lee, Y. S., & Lee, E. S. (2003). Alteration of sexual function after classic intrafascial supracervical hysterectomy and total hysterectomy. Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, 10, 60–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, M., Holt, V., & Nazareth, I. (2007). Women’s views of their sexual difficulties: Agreement and disagreement with clinical diagnoses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 281–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komisaruk, B. R., Beyer-Flores, C., & Whipple, B. (2007). The science of orgasm. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komisaruk, B. R., & Whipple, B. R. (2005). Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm. Annual Review of Sex Research, 15, 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komisaruk, B. R., Whipple, B. R., Crawford, A., Grimes, S., Kalnin, A. J., Mosier, K., et al. (2002). Brain activity (MRI and PET) during orgasm in women, in response to vaginocervical self-stimulation [Abstract]. Society for Neuroscience, 841, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Das, A., & Waite, L. J. (2008). Sexual dysfunction among older adults: Prevalence and risk factors from a nationally representative U.S. probability sample of men and women 57–85 years of age. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 2300–2311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Nicolosi, A., Glasser, D. B., Paik, A., Gingell, C., Moreira, E., et al. (2005). Sexual problems among women and men aged 40–80 years: Prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 39–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunctions in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 537–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, R. J. (2003). The G-spot—Reality or illusion? Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18, 117–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, R. J. (2005). Sexual arousal: Its physiological roles in human reproduction. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16, 154–189.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, R. J., & Wagner, G. (1985). Orgasm in women in the laboratory: Quantitative studies on duration, intensity, latency and vaginal blood flow. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 439–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, K. B., Williams, R. E., & Hartmann, K. E. (2008). Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active postmenopausal women. Menopause, 15, 661–666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindal, E., & Stefànsson, J. G. (1993). The lifetime prevalence of psychosexual dysfunction among 55 to 57-year-olds in Iceland. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 91–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindau, S. T., Schumm, L. P., Laumann, E. O., Levinson, W., O’Muircheartaigh, C. A., & Waite, L. J. (2007). A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 762–774.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, E. A. (2005). The case of the female orgasm: Bias in the science of evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mah, K., & Binik, Y. M. (2001). The nature of human orgasm: A critical review of major trends. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 823–856.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, C. H., Fenton, K. A., Johnson, A. M., Wellings, K., Macdowall, W., McManus, S., et al. (2003). Sexual function problems and help seeking behaviour in Britain: National probability sample survey. British Medical Journal, 327, 426–427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meston, C. M., Levin, R. J., Sipski, M. L., Hull, E. M., & Heiman, J. R. (2004). Women’s orgasm. Annual Review of Sex Research, 15, 173–257.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meston, C., & Trapnell, P. (2005). Development and validation of a five-factor sexual satisfaction and distress scale for women: The Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Women (SSS-W). Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2, 66–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., & Graham, C. A. (2007). Two challenges for the classification of sexual dysfunction. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1552–1558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, S. A., Baldwin, D. S., & Riley, A. (2002). Antidepressant medications: A review of the evidence for drug-induced sexual dysfunction. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69, 119–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Najman, J. M., Dunne, M. P., Boyle, F. M., Cook, M. D., & Purdie, D. M. (2003). Sexual dysfunction in the Australian population. Australian Family Physician, 32, 951–954.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, L. (2008). Putting the New View classification scheme to an empirical test. Feminism and Psychology, 18, 515–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurnberg, H. G., Hensley, P. L., Heiman, J. R., Croft, H. A., Debattista, C., & Paine, S. (2008). Sildenafil treatment of women with antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 395–404.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oberg, K., Fugl-Meyer, A. R., & Fugl-Meyer, K. S. (2004). On categorization and quantification of women’s sexual dysfunctions: An epidemiological approach. International Journal of Impotence Research, 16, 261–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potts, A. (2000). Coming, coming, gone: A feminist deconstruction of heterosexual orgasm. Sexualities, 3, 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, S., King, M., & Watson, J. (1997). Sexual dysfunction in primary medical care: Prevalence, characteristics and detection by the general practitioner. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 19, 387–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Regier, D. A. (2008). Dimensional approaches to psychiatric classification. In J. E. Helzer, H. C. Kraemer, R. F. Krueger, H.-U. Wittchen, P. J. Sirovatka, & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Dimensional approaches in diagnostic classification (pp. xvii–xxvii). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richters, J., Grulich, A. E., de Visser, R. O., Smith, A. M. A., & Rissel, C. E. (2003). Sexual difficulties in a representative sample of adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27, 164–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, D., et al. (2000). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self–report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26, 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R. C., Lane, R. M., & Menza, M. (1999). Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: A critical review. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 67–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R. C., Taylor, J. F., Leiblum, S. R., & Bachmann, G. A. (1993). Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women: Results of a survey study of 329 women in an outpatient gynaecological clinic. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 19, 171–188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roussis, N. P., Waltrous, L., Kerr, A., Robertazzi, R., & Cabbad, M. F. (2004). Sexual response in the patient after hysterectomy: Total abdominal versus supracervical versus vaginal procedure. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 190, 1427–1428.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, J. (2004). A survey of Relate psychosexual therapy clients. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 19, 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sand, M., & Fisher, W. A. (2007). Women’s endorsement of models of female sexual response: The nurses’ sexuality study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4, 708–719.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segraves, R. T., Balon, R., & Clayton, A. (2007). Proposal for changes in diagnostic criteria for sexual dysfunctions. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4, 567–580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shifren, J. L., Monz, B. U., Russo, P. A., Segreti, A., & Johannes, C. B. (2008). Sexual problems and distress in United States women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 112, 970–978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J. S., & Carey, M. P. (2001). Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions: Results from a decade of research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 177–219.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J., & Singer, I. (1972). Types of female orgasm. Journal of Sex Research, 8, 255–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sipski, M. L., Alexander, C. J., & Rosen, R. C. (2001). Sexual arousal and orgasm in women: Effects of spinal cord injury. Annals of Neurology, 49, 35–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spira, A., Bajos, N., & The ACSF Group. (1994). Sexual behaviour and AIDS. Hants, England: Avebury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symons, D. (1979). The evolution of human sexuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiefer, L. (1991). Historical, scientific, clinical, and feminist criticisms of “The human sexual response cycle” model. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiefer, L. (2001). Arriving at a “New View” of women’s sexual problems: Background, theory, and activism. In E. Kaschak & L. Tiefer (Eds.), A new view of women’s sexual problems (pp. 63–98). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vance, E. B., & Wagner, N. N. (1976). Written descriptions of orgasm: A study of sex differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5, 87–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ventegodt, S. (1998). Sex and the quality of life in Denmark. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 295–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, P., & Bancroft, J. (1987). A regional clinical service for sexual problems: A three-year survey. Sexual and Marital Therapy, 2, 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual behaviour in Britain. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, S. L., Vinikoor, L. C., & Zolhoun, D. (2004). A systematic review of the literature on female sexual dysfunction prevalence and predictors. Annual Review of Sex Research, 15, 40–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2005). Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 494–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witting, K., Santtila, P., Rijsdijk, R., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., et al. (2009). Correlated genetic and non-shared environmental influences account for the co-morbidity between female sexual dysfunctions. Psychological Medicine, 39, 115–127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witting, K., Santtila, P., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., von der Pahlen, B., et al. (2008). Female sexual dysfunction, sexual distress, and compatibility with partner. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 2587–2599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). ICD-10: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th ed.). Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author is a member of the DSM-V Workgroup on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. I wish to acknowledge the valuable input I received from members of my Workgroup (Yitzchak Binik, Lori A. Brotto, R. Taylor Segraves) and Kenneth J. Zucker. Feedback from DSM-V Advisors Richard Balon, John Bancroft, Rosemary Basson, Marta Meana, and Leslie Schover is greatly appreciated. Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V Workgroup Reports (Copyright 2009), American Psychiatric Association.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cynthia A. Graham.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Graham, C.A. The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder. Arch Sex Behav 39, 256–270 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9542-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9542-2

Keywords

Navigation