Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Medicinal herbs and phytochemicals to combat pathogens in aquaculture

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The global production of aquaculture has grown rapidly and is dominated by China, Vietnam, and other East Asian countries. The use of antibiotics is widespread in the aquaculture industry but has been slowly decreasing as the benefits of medicinal herbs become clear. Various medicinal herbs are known to have excellent properties, such as antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity; hormonal balancing; and physiological support (immune and digestive systems). The aim of this paper is to review the latest scientific information on the application of medicinal herbs in different aquaculture sectors, including marine, freshwater and crustacean culture, and the potential problems and recommendations for the application of medicinal herbs in aquaculture, to provide clues for the development of medicinal herbs for epidemic disease resistance of aquaculture industry in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Public available data.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Adel M, Amiri AA, Zorriehzahra J, Nematolahi A, Esteban M (2015) Effects of dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) on growth performance, chemical body composition and hematological and immune parameters of fry Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum). Fish Shellfish Immunol 45(2):841–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adeshina I, Tiamiyu LO, Akpoilih BU, Jenyo-Oni A, Ajani EK (2021a) Dietary Mitracarpus scaber leaves extract improved growth, antioxidants, non-specific immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus to Gyrodactylus malalai infestation. Aquaculture 535:736377

  • Adeshina I, Tawwab MA, Tijjani ZA, Tiamiyu LO, Jahanbakhshi A (2021b) Dietary Tridax procumbens leaves extract stimulated growth, antioxidants, immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, to monogenean parasitic infection. Aquaculture 532:736047

  • Ahmad H, Rajagopal K (2013) Biological activities of Salvadora persica L. (Meswak). Med Aromatic Plants 2(4):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Akrami R, Gharaei A, Mansour MR, Galeshi A (2015) Effects of dietary onion (Allium cepa) powder on growth, innate immune response and hemato-biochemical parameters of beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754) juvenile. Fish Shellfish Immunol 45(2):828–834

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altunoglu YC, Bilen S, Ulu F, Biswas G (2017) Immune responses to methanolic extract of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 67:103–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amar EC, Apines-Amar MJS, Faisan JP (2018) Dietary onion or ginger modulates the stress response and susceptibility to Vibrio harveyi JML1 infection in brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus juveniles. J Aquat Anim Health 30(1):39–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awad E, Austin D, Lyndon AR (2013) Effect of black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa) and nettle extract (Quercetin) on enhancement of immunity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquaculture 388–391:193–197

  • Awad E, Awaad A (2017) Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 67:40–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awolola GV, Koorbanally NA, Chenia H, Shode FO, Baijnath H (2014) Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of flavonoids and triterpenes isolated from the extracts of Ficus sansibarica Warb. subsp. sansibarica (Moraceae) extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 11(3):124–131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baba E, Acar Ü, Yılmaz S, Zemheri F, Ergün S (2018) Dietary olive leaf (Olea europea L.) extract alters some immune gene expression levels and disease resistance to Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Shellfish Immunol 79:28–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baleta FN, Yongqing L, Yuyuan C, Jianchu C, Shutun Y, Putra DF, Qianlun H (2013) Efficacy of Sargassum oligocystum extract on the innate immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. J Taiwan Fish Soc 40(4):241–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao L, Chen Y, Li H, Zhang J, Wu P, Ye K, Ai H, Chu W (2019) Dietary Ginkgo biloba leaf extract alters immune-related gene expression and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 94:810–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beltrán JMG, Espinosa C, Guardiola FA, Esteban M (2018) In vitro effects of Origanum vulgare leaf extracts on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) leucocytes, cytotoxic, bactericidal and antioxidant activities. Fish Shellfish Immunol 79:1-10

  • Bernoth E-M, Crane MSJ (1995) Viral diseases of aquarium fish. Semin Avian Exot Pe 4(2):103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilen S, Kenanoglu ON, Terzi E, Ozdemir RC, Sonmez AY (2019) Effects of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) and common mallow (Malva sylvestris) plant extracts on growth performance and immune response in Gilthead Sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 512:734251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bindhu F, Velmurugan S, Donio MBS, Michaelbabu M, Citarasu T (2014) Influence of Agathi grandiflora active principles inhibit viral multiplication and stimulate immune system in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus against white spot syndrome virus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 41(2):482–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulfon C, Volpatti D, Galeotti M (2015) Current research on the use of plant-derived products in farmed fish. Aquac Res 46(3):513–551

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaweepack T, Muenthaisong B, Chaweepack S, Kamei K (2015) The potential of galangal (Alpinia galanga Linn.) extract against the pathogens that cause white feces syndrome and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (ahpnd) in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). International Journal of Biology 7(3):8

  • Chen XH, Hu Y, Shan LP, Yu XB, Hao K, Wang GX (2017) Magnolol and honokiol from Magnolia officinalis enhanced antiviral immune responses against grass carp reovirus in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells. Fish Shellfish Immunol 63:245–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Lin H-Z, Jiang S-G, Wu K-C, Liu Y-J, Tian L-X, Zhang Y-Q, Niu J (2013) Dietary supplementation of honeysuckle improves the growth, survival and immunity of Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 35(1):161–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YY, Chen JC, Tayag CM, Li HF, Putra DF, Kuo YH, Bai JC, Chang YH (2016) Spirulina elicits the activation of innate immunity and increases resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 55:690–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chinchar VG, Waltzek TB, Subramaniam K (2017) Ranaviruses and other members of the family Iridoviridae: Their place in the virosphere. Virology 511:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citarasu T (2010) Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult Int 18(3):403–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark KF (2016) Nimaviruses of crustaceans. In: Kibenge FSB (ed) Aquaculture virology. Academic, Cambridge, pp 397–413

  • Dadras H, Hayatbakhsh MR, Shelton WL, Golpour A (2016) Effects of dietary administration of Rose hip and Safflower on growth performance, haematological, biochemical parameters and innate immune response of Beluga, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). Fish Shellfish Immunol 59:109–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadras H, Dzyuba B, Cosson J, Golpour A, Siddique MAM, Linhart O (2017) Effect of water temperature on the physiology of fish spermatozoon function: a brief review. Aquaculture Research 48(3):729–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dang LT, Nguyen HT, Hoang HH, Lai HNT, Nguyen HT (2019) Efficacy of rose myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Seed extract against acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in pacific Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. J Aquat Anim Health 31(4):311–319

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, McGeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E (2009) The order Herpesvirales. Arch Virol 159(1):171–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon P, Paley R, Alegria-Moran R, Oidtmann B (2016) Epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV): a review. BioMed Central 47(1):63

    Google Scholar 

  • Do JW, Moon CH, Kim HJ, Ko MS, Kim SB, Son JH, Kim JS, An EJ, Kim MK, Lee SK, Han MS, Cha SJ, Park MS, Park MA, Kim YC, Kim JW, Park JW (2004) Complete genomic DNA sequence of rock bream iridovirus. Virology 325(2):351–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doan HV, Hoseinifar SH, Chitmanat C, Jaturasitha S, Paolucci M, Ashouri G, Dawood MAO, Esteban M (2019a) The effects of Thai ginseng, Boesenbergia rotunda powder on mucosal and serum immunity, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Aquaculture 513(15):734388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doan HV, Hoseinifar SH, Sringarm K, Jaturasitha S, Yuangsoi B, Dawood MAO, Esteban M, Ringø E, Faggio C (2019b) Effects of Assam tea extract on growth, skin mucus, serum immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 93:428–435

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorucu M, Celayir Y (2009) The effect of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa, on the immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Mediterr Aquac J 2(1):27–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dügenci SK, Arda N, Candan A (2003) Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. J Ethnopharmacol 88(1):99–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elabd H, Wang H-P, Shaheen A, Yao H, Abbass A (2016) Feeding Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice) and Astragalus membranaceus (AM) alters innate immune and physiological responses in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Fish Shellfish Immunol 54:374–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eman Z, Eman AAE-G, Engy R (2018) Dietary Withania sominefera root confers protective and immunotherapeutic effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 80:641–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eun-Hye J, Bipin V, Se-Young C, Myoung-Ae P, Kusuma K, Ryel KS, Myung-Joo O, Jong-Soon C, Joseph K, Duwoon K (2015) Identification of regulators of the early stage of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus infection during curcumin treatment. Fish Shellfish Immunol 45(1):184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2018) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018:Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu H, Yu X, Li L, Ye H, Wang S, Gai C, Xu L, Diao J, Guo P (2021) Potential effects of dietary probiotics with Chinese herb polysaccharides on the growth performance, immunity, disease resistance, and intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 52(6):1194–1208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farsani MN, Hoseinifar SH, Rashidian G, Farsani HG, Ashouri G, Doan HV (2019) Dietary effects of Coriandrum sativum extract on growth performance, physiological and innate immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri. Fish Shellfish Immunol 91:233–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores-Mara R, Rodríguez FH, Bangera R, Lhorente JP, Neira R, Newman S, Yáñez JM (2017) Resistance against infectious pancreatic necrosis exhibits significant genetic variation and is not genetically correlated with harvest weight in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 479:155–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foysal MJ, Alam M, Momtaz F, Chaklader MR, Siddik MAB, Cole A, Fotedar R, Rahman MM (2019) Dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) modulates gut microbiota and health status of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Streptococcus iniae infection. Aquac Res 50(8):2107–2116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu YW, Guo SQ, Luo JJ, Sang CG, Lin DJ, Liu YM, Zhang QZ (2021) Effectiveness assessment of plant mixtures against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Aquaculture 530:735742

  • Galina J, Yin G, Ardó L, Jeney Z (2009) The use of immunostimulating herbs in fish. An overview of research. Fish Physiol Biochem 35(4):669–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh AK, Panda SK, Luyten W (2021) Anti-vibrio and immune-enhancing activity of medicinal plants in shrimp: A comprehensive review. Fish Shellfish Immunol 117:192–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giri SS, Sukumaran V, Park SC (2019) Effects of bioactive substance from turmeric on growth, skin mucosal immunity and antioxidant factors in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 92:612–620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J (2019) Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev 18:241–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guardiola FA, Bahi A, Messina CM, Mahdhi A, Santulli A, Arena R, Bakhrouf A, Esteban MA (2017) Quality and antioxidant response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) to dietary supplements of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) alone or combined with probiotic strains. Fish Shellfish Immunol 63:277–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo CJ, He J, He JG (2018) The immune evasion strategies of fish viruses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 86:772–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hai NV (2015) The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 446:88–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamed HS, Ismal SM, Faggio C (2021) Effect of allicin on antioxidant defense system, and immune response after carbofuran exposure in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 240:108919

  • Harikrishnan R, Kim J-S, Kim M-C, Balasundaram C, Heo M-S (2011) Kalopanax pictus as feed additive controls bacterial and parasitic infections in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 31(6):801–807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harikrishnan R, Kim D-H, Hong S-H, Mariappan P, Balasundaram C, Heo M-S (2012) Non-specific immune response and disease resistance induced by Siegesbeckia glabrescens against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Epinephelus bruneus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 33(2):359-364

  • He JG, Wang SP, Zeng K, Huang ZJ, Chan SM (2000) Systemic disease caused by an iridovirus-like agent in cultured mandarinfish, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), in China. J Fish Dis 23(3):219-222

  • Hedrick RP, Gilad O, Yun SC, Mcdowell TS, Adkison MA (2005) Initial isolation and characterization of a Herpes-like virus (KHV) from Koi and Common Carp. Bull Fish Res Agen 2:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydari M, Firouzbakhsh F, Paknejad H (2019) Effect of Oral extract of Mentha longifolia on growth performance and hematological, serum parameter of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and resistance to bacterial disease. Journal of Aquatic Ecology 9(2):11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Heydari M, Firouzbakhsh F, Paknejad H (2020) Effects of Mentha longifolia extract on some blood and immune parameters, and disease resistance against yersiniosis in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 515:734586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseinifar SH, Zou HK, Doan HV, Harikrishnan R, Yousefi M, Paknejad H, Ahmadifar E (2019) Can dietary jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit extract alter cutaneous mucosal immunity, immune related genes expression in skin and growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)? Fish. Shellfish Immunol 94:705–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoseinifar SH, Zou HK, Miandare HK, Doan HV, Romano N, Dadar M (2017) Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet with medlar (Mespilus germanica) leaf extract: Effects on skin mucosal immunity and growth performance. Fish Shellfish Immunol 67:346–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh SL, Wu CC, Liu CH, Lian JL (2013) Effects of the water extract of Gynura bicolor (Roxb. & Willd.) DC on physiological and immune responses to Vibrio alginolyticus infection in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fish Shellfish Immunol 35(1):18-25

  • Huang AG, Tu X, Qi XZ, Ling F, Zhu B, Wang GX (2019) Gardenia jasminoides Ellis inhibit white spot syndrome virus replication in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Aquaculture 504(15):239–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang ZJ, Chen YG, Weng SP, Lu XF, Zhong LH, Fan WZ, Chen XL, Zhang HW, He JG (2016) Multiple bacteria species were involved in hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome (HPNS) of Litopenaeus vannamei. Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni 55:1–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang ZJ, Zeng SZ, Jian L, Xiong JB, Hou DW, Zhou RJ, Xing CG, Wei DD, Deng XS, Yu LF, Wang H, Deng ZX, Kriengkrai S, Ning DL, Zhou JZ, He JG (2020) Microecological Koch’s postulates reveal that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis contributes to shrimp white feces syndrome. Microbiome 8:32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jalali MA, Ahmadifar E, Sudagar M, Takami GA (2010) Growth efficiency, body composition, survival and haematological changes in great sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles fed diets supplemented with different levels of Ergosan. Aquac Res 40(7):804–809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kakoolaki S, Akbary P, Zorriehzahra MJ, Salehi H, Sepahdari A, Afsharnasab M, Mehrabi MR, Jadgal S (2016) Camellia sinensis supplemented diet enhances the innate non-specific responses, haematological parameters and growth performance in Mugil cephalus against Photobacterium damselae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 57:379–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaleo IV, Gao Q, Liu B, Sun C, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Shan F, Xiong Z, Bo L, Song C (2019) Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on growth performance, physiological and immune response, and related immune gene expression of Macrobrachium rosenbergii with Vibrio anguillarum and ammonia stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol 89:603–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BS (2019) Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Contr 8(1):1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim J-S, Harikrishnan R, Kim M-C, Jang I-S, Kim D-H, Hong S-H, Balasundaram C, Heo M-S (2011) Enhancement of Eriobotrya japonica extracts on non-specific immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio carchariae. Fish Shellfish Immunol 31(6):1193–1200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirubakaran C, Alexander CP, Michael RD (2010) Enhancement of non-specific immune responses and disease resistance on oral administration of Nyctanthes arbortristis seed extract in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Aquac Res 41(11):1630–1639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari P, Kumar S, Ramesh M, Shameena S, Deo AD, Rajendran KV, Raman RP (2019) Antiparasitic effect of aqueous and organic solvent extracts of Azadirachta indica leaf against Argulus japonicus in Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 511(15):634175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon SH, Ma SX, Hong SI, Lee SY, Jang CG (2015) Lonicera japonica THUNB. Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing NF-κB Signaling in BV-2 Microglial Cells. J Med Food 18(7):762–775

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CT, Chen IT, Yang YT, Ko TP, Huang YT, Huang JY, Huang MF, Lin SJ, Chen CY, Lin SS, Lightner DV, Wang HC, Andrew H, Wang J, Wang HC, Hor LI, Lo CF (2015) The opportunistic marine pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus becomes virulent by acquiring a plasmid that expresses a deadly toxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:10798–10803

  • Li A, Chen J, Zhu W, Jiang T, Zhang X, Gu Q (2007) Antibacterial activity of gallic acid from the flowers of Rosa chinensis Jacq. against fish pathogens. Aquaculture Research 38(10): 1110–1112

  • Li MY, Zhu XM, Tian JX, Liu M, Wang GQ (2019a) Dietary flavonoids from Allium mongolicum Regel promotes growth, improves immune, antioxidant status, immune-related signaling molecules and disease resistance in juvenile northern snakehead fish (Channa argus). Aquaculture 501:473–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li PF, Liu MZ, Xiao H, Yu Q, Xu Y (2021) Application of medicinal plants in prevention and control of aquatic animal pathogens. J South Agric 52(7):2015–2024

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li PF, Yu Q, Luo YJ, Qin QW, Liu MZ, Xiao J, Nie ZP (2019) Aquatic diseases control technical system construction and prospects for high quality ecological development of aquaculture in Guangxi, China. J Guangxi Acad Sci 35(3):161–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Li PF, Yu Q, Qin XL, Li F, Chen XY, Dong DX, Qin QW (2018) Current situation and research prospects of disease control technology system of mariculture in Beibu Gulf of Guangxi. Guangxi Sci 25(1):15–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Peng T (2013) Traditional Chinese herbal medicine as a source of molecules with antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 97(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lightner DV, Redman RM, Pantoja CR, Noble BL, Tran L (2012) Early mortality syndrome affects shrimp in Asia. Global Aquaculture Advocate 15(1):40

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu HI, Chiou PP, Gong HY, Chou HY (2015) Cloning of the major capsid protein (MCP) of grouper iridovirus of Taiwan (TGIV) and preliminary evaluation of a recombinant MCP vaccine against TGIV. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):28647–28656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Yu Q, Xiao H, Yi Y, Cheng H, Putra DF, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Li P (2020a) Antiviral activity of Illicium verum Hook. f. extracts against grouper iridovirus infection. J Fish Dis 43(5):531–540

  • Liu M, Yu Q, Yi Y, Xiao H, Putra DF, Ke K, Zhang Q, Li P (2020b) Antiviral activities of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Components against grouper iridovirus in vitro and in vivo. Aquaculture 519:734882

  • Liu MZ, Xiao HH, Zhang Q, Wu S, Putra DF, Xiong XY, Xu MZ, Dong LF, Li SQ, Yu Q, Li PF (2020c) Antiviral abilities of Curcuma kwangsiensis ingredients against grouper iridoviral infection in vitro and in vivo. Aquac Res 51(1):351–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu MZ, Xiao HH, Li PF, Putra DF (2019a) Effects of Curcuma Kwangsiensis S.G. Leeet C.F.Liang on immune activities of Trachinotus ovatus cells. J Guangxi Acad Sci 35(2):113–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu MZ, Xiao HH, Yu Q, Qin XL, Li SQ, Lu LT, Wu ST, Wang YB, Putra DF, Wang TX, Li PF (2019b) Antimicrobial Effect of Water Extracts of Coptis chinensis Franch Against Vibrio alginolyticus from Trachinotus ovatus. J Guangxi Acad Sci 35(2):119–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu YM, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Fu YW, Lin DJ, Zhou SY (2017) Antiparasitic efficacy of commercial curcumin against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture 48(1):65–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martha RB, Alma MP, Crystal G, Kevyn G, Dariel TR, María EM, Carlos A (2019) Phytochemical composition and immunobiological activity of Hawthorn Crataegus mexicana nanoencapsulated in Longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana leukocytes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 92:308–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabi Z, Firouzbakhsh F, Rahimi-Mianji G, Paknejad H (2019) Immunostimulatory effect of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on non-specific immune response, immune gene expression, and experimental challenge with Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 503:330–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael G, Simon ML, Mona S, Sven MB, Mansour EM (2018) A new age in AquaMedicine: unconventional approach in studying aquatic diseases. BioMed Central 14(1):1–9

  • Minerva M-G, Carlos A, Juan V-M, Veronica S, Mercedes GL, Martha R-B (2019) Antioxidant and immunostimulant potentials of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). Aquaculture 513:734414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed AL, Waleed NE-H, Ramy MS, Ali HE-F, Ramadan SS, Shaker AM (2019) Miswak (Salvadora persica) dietary supplementation improves antioxidant status and nonspecific immunity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 88:619–626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moustafa EM, Dawood MAO, Assar DH, Omar AA, Elbialy ZI, Farrag FA, Shukry M, Zayed MM (2020) Modulatory effects of fenugreek seeds powder on the histopathology, oxidative status, and immune related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture 515(15):734589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhamd A, Hicham W, Guoqing L (2014) Parasitism of Argulus japonicus in cultured and wild fish of Guangdong, China with new record of three hosts. Parasitol Res 113(2):769–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musthafa MS, Ali ARJ, Kumar MSA, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R (2017) Effect of Cucurbita mixta (L.) seed meal enrichment diet on growth, immune response and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 68:509–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neves JR, Neves JA, Oliveira R (2018) Pharmacological and biotechnological advances with Rosmarinus officinalis L. Expert. Opin Ther Pat 28(5):399–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyholm SV, Graf J (2012) Knowing your friends: invertebrate innate immunity fosters beneficial bacterial symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:815–827

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira JRd, Camargo SEA, Oliveira LD (2019) d. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent. J Biomed Sci 26(1):5

  • Palanikumar P, Benitta DJD, Lelin C, Thirumalaikumar E, Michaelbabu M, Citarasu T (2018) Effect of Argemone mexicana active principles on inhibiting viral multiplication and stimulating immune system in Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 75:243–252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey G, Sharma M, Mandloi AK (2012) Medicinal plants useful in fish diseases. Plant Archives 12(1):1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Pu HY, Li XY, Du QB, Cui H, Xu YP (2017) Research progress in the application of Chinese herbal medicines in aquaculture: a review. Engineering 3(5):731–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin QW, Chang SF, Ngoh-Lim GH, Gibson-Kueh S, Shi C, Lam TJ (2003) Characterization of a novel ranavirus isolated from grouper Epinephelus tauvina. Dis Aquat Organ 53(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu TX, Song DW, Shan LP, Liu GL, Liu L (2020) Potential prospect of a therapeutic agent against spring viraemia of carp virus in aquaculture. Aquaculture 515:734558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman ANA, ElHady M, Hassanin ME, Mohamed AA-R (2019a) Alleviative effects of dietary Indian lotus leaves on heavy metals-induced hepato-renal toxicity, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 509(15):198–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman ANA, ElHady M, Shalaby SI (2019b) Efficacy of the dehydrated lemon peels on the immunity, enzymatic antioxidant capacity and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture 505(30):92–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran KV, Shivam S, Ezhil Praveena P, Sahaya Rajan J, Sathish Kumar J, Satheesha T, Jagadeesan A, Prasad Babu V.A.N.V, Ashish P, Krishnan N, Alavandi A, Vijayan SV (2016) Emergence of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in farmed Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei in India. Aquaculture 454:272–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeswari PR, Velmurugan S, Babu MM, Dhas SA, Kesavan K, Citarasu T (2012) A study on the influence of selected Indian herbal active principles on enhancing the immune system in Fenneropenaeus indicus against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult Int 20(5):1009–1020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reverter M, Bontemps N, Lecchini D, Banaigs B, Sasal P (2014) Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture 433(20):50–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro SC, Malheiros DF, Guilozki IC, Majolo C, Chaves FCM, Chagas EC, Assis HCS, Tavares-Dias M, Yoshioka ETO (2018) Antioxidants effects and resistance against pathogens of Colossoma macropomum (Serassalmidae) fed Mentha piperita essential oil. Aquaculture 490(1):29-34

  • Sahoo PK, Goodwin AE (2012) Viruses of freshwater finfish in the asian-pacific region. Indian J Virol 23(2):99–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikhzadeh N, Nofouzi K, Delazar A, Oushani AK (2011) Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Shellfish Immunol 31(6):1268–1269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi KQ, Fan YC, Liu WY, Li LF, Chen YP, Zheng MH (2012) Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 39(10):9715–9722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin YJ, Kwon TH, Seo JY, Kim TJ (2013) Oral immunization of fish against iridovirus infection using recombinant antigen produced from rice callus. Vaccine 31(45):5210–5215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiu YL, Lin HL, Chi CC, Yeh SP, Liu CH (2016) Effects of hirami lemon, Citrus depressa Hayata, leaf meal in diets on the immune response and disease resistance of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (bloch), against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol 55:332–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song DW, Liu L, Shan LP, Qiu TX, Chen J, Chen JP (2020) Therapeutic potential of phenylpropanoid-based small molecules as anti-SVCV agents in aquaculture. Aquaculture 526:735349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stentiford GD, Neil DM, Peeler EJ, Shields JD, Small HJ, Flegel TW, Vlak JM, Jones B, Morado F, Moss S, Lotz J, Bartholomay L, Behringer DC, Hauton C, Lightner DV (2012) Disease will limit future food supply from the global crustacean fishery and aquaculture sectors. J Invertebr Pathol 110(2):141–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratev D, Zhelyazkov G, Noundou XS, Krause RWM (2018) Beneficial effects of medicinal plants in fish diseases. Aquacult Int 26(1):289–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun ZZ, Chen LL, Liu QY, Mai KS, Xu ML, Zhou YY, Su NN, Ye CX (2020) Effects of dietary Senecio scandens buch-ham extracts on growth performance, plasma biochemical, histology and the expression of immune-related genes in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Fish Shellfish Immunol 98:681–690

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun ZZ, Tan XH, Ye HQ, Zou CY, Ye CX, Wang AL (2018) Effects of dietary Panax notoginseng extract on growth performance, fish composition, immune responses, intestinal histology and immune related genes expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) fed high lipid diets. Fish Shellfish Immunol 73:234–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suwaree K, Chu CJ, Fazriansyah PD, Chin LY, Tuen YS, Hwa LC (2013) Fucoidan effectively provokes the innate immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against experimental Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 34(1):280–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syahidah A, Saad CR, Daud HM, Abdelhadi YM (2015) Status and potential of herbal applications in aquaculture: A review. Iranian J Fish Sci 14(1):27–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Talpur AD, Ikhwanuddin M (2013) Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish Shellfish Immunol 34(1):254–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan BKH, Vanitha J (2004) Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs: a review. Curr Med Chem 11(11):1423–1430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan XH, Sun ZZ, Liu QY, Ye HQ, Zou CY, Ye CX, Wang AL, Lin HZ (2018a) Effects of dietary ginkgo biloba leaf extract on growth performance, plasma biochemical parameters, fish composition, immune responses, liver histology, and immune and apoptosis-related genes expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) fed high lipid diets. Fish Shellfish Immunol 72:399–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan XH, Sun ZZ, Zhou CP, Huang Z, Tan LJ, Xun PW, Huang QQ, Lin HZ, Ye CX, Wang Al (2018b) Effects of dietary dandelion extract on intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, immune function and physical barrier function of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 73:197–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang KFJ, Pantoja CR, Poulos BT, Redman RM, Lightnere DV (2005) In situ hybridization demonstrates that Litopenaeus vannamei, L. stylirostris and Penaeus monodon are susceptible to experimental infection with infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Dis Aquat Organ 63(2-3):261-265

  • Tang R, Lu L, Wang B, Yu J, Wang H (2020) Identification of the immediate-early genes of cyprinid herpesvirus 2. Viruses 12(9):994

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vazirzadeh A, Jalali S, Farhadi A (2019) Antibacterial activity of Oliveria decumbens against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on serum and mucosal immunity and antioxidant status. Fish Shellfish Immunol 94:407–416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma VK, Prakash O, Kumar RSR, Rani KV, Sehgal N (2021) Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves enhances disease resistance in Channa punctata from Vibrio harveyi infection. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology 82(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Liu W, Yu F, Lu L (2016) Identification of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a potential agent for blocking infection by grass carp reovirus. Arch Virol 161(4):1053–1059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Sun B, Zhu F (2018) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects Kuruma shrimp Marsupeneaus japonicus from white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol: S1050464818302067

  • Wu YS, Chen YY, Ueng PS, Nan FH (2016) Effects of medicinal herbs “Plantago asiatica”, “Houttuynia cordata” and “Mentha haplocalyx” on non-specific immune responses of cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Fish Shellfish Immunol 58:409–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia YT, Cheng EH, Zheng BZ, Wu QY, Dong TT, Duan R, Qin QW, Wang WX, Tsim KW (2021) Feeding containing the aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis promotes the growth and nutritive value of rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens. Food Science & Nutrition 9(9):4827–4838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao H, Liu M, Li S, Shi D, Zhu D, Ke K, Xu Y, Dong D, Zhu L, Yu Q, Li P (2019a) Isolation and characterization of a ranavirus associated with disease outbreaks in cultured hybrid grouper (♀ Tiger Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ giant grouper E. lanceolatus) in Guangxi, China. J Aquat Anim Health 31(4):364–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao HH, Liu MZ, Yu Q, Wang YB, Qin XL, Li SQ, Wu ST, Chen XY, Dong DX, Zhu DL, Wang TX, Li PF (2019b) Antiviral effects of Thlaspi arvense Linn. water extracts against grouper iridovirus infection. J Guangxi Acad Sci 35(2):185–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie XF, Liu T, Feng G, Xiong XJ (2017) Study on bacteriostasis effects of leaves extracts of Lonicera Japonica Thunb on Proteus Mirabilis. J Yichun Univ

  • Yin XL, Li ZJ, Yang K, Lin HZ, Guo ZX (2014) Effect of guava leaves on growth and the non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 40(1):190–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yousefi M, Hoseini SM, Vatnikov YA, Kulikov EV, Drukovsky SG (2019) Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture 505(30):473–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Li F, Wang Y, Qin XL, Chen XY, Wu LY, Li Pf (2018) Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of vibrio alginolyticus from marine cultured Trachinotus ovatus in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi. Guangxi Sci  25(1):68–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Liu M, Xiao H, Wu S, Qin X, Lu Z, Shi D, Li S, Mi H, Wang Y, Su H, Wang T, Li P (2019a) The inhibitory activities and antiviral mechanism of Viola philippica aqueous extracts against grouper iridovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. J Fish Dis 42(6):859–868

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Q, Liu MZ, Wei SN, Xiao HH, Wu ST, Qin XL, Shi DQ, Li SQ, Wang TX, Li PF (2019b) Isolation of Nervous Necrosis Virus from Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) Cultured in Guangxi, China. Fish Pathol 54(1):16–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanuzzo FS, Sabioni RE, Montoya LNF, Favero G, Urbinati EC (2017) Aloe vera enhances the innate immune response of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after transport stress and combined heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 65:198–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng JH, Dai P, Ren LY, Song B, Chen X, Wang XH, Wang JH, Zhang TC, Zhu WG (2012) Apoptosis-induced anti-tumor effect of Curcuma kwangsiensis polysaccharides against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Carbohydr Polym 89(4):1067–1072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhai Q, Li J (2019) Effectiveness of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, San-Huang-San, in combination with enrofloxacin to treat AHPND-causing strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 87:360–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang HL, Zhang YJ, Han CX, Yang XJ, Wang MC, Yang QE, Gao JM (2004) Advances in the research on bioactivity of Sophora flavescens. J Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry

  • Zhang Z, Cui H, Zhang Z, Qu S, Wang G,  Ling F (2022) Pharmacokinetics of magnolol following different routes of administration to goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its oral efficacy against Ichthyophthirius multififiliis infection. Aquaculture 546:737356

  • Zheng XC, Chi C, Xu CY, Liu JD, Zhang CY, Zhang L, Huang YY, He CF, He C, Jia XY, Liu WB (2019) Effects of dietary supplementation with icariin on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and non-specific immunity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 90:264–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhi ZN, Feng ZL, Nan JY, Ting Z, Chun X (2009) Molecular analysis of spring viraemia of carp virus in China: a fatal aquatic viral disease that might spread in East Asian. PLoS One 4(7):e6337

  • Zou CY, Su NN, Wu J, Xu ML, Sun ZZ, Liu QY, Chen LL, Zhou YY, Wang AL, Ye CX (2019) Dietary Radix Bupleuri extracts improves hepatic lipid accumulation and immune response of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). Fish Shellfish Immunol 88:496–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo H, Weng K, Luo M, Yang L, Weng S, He J, Xu X (2020) A MicroRNA-1-Mediated Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway by the JAK-STAT Pathway in the Invertebrate Litopenaeus vannamei. J Immunol 204(11):2918–2930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41966004; U20A20102), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2020GXNSFBA297161; AD19245022), Guangxi Innovation Team Project of National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (nycytxgxcxtd-2021-08-02), and the Basic Research Fund of Guangxi Academy of Sciences (2018YJJ903; 2019YJJ1005; 2018YJJ902).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Mengmeng Li and Dongdong Wei contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China

    Mengmeng Li, Dongdong Wei, Shuaishuai Huang, Lin Huang, Fengqiao Xu, Qing Yu, Mingzhu Liu & Pengfei Li

  2. College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China

    Mengmeng Li

  3. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China

    Shuaishuai Huang & Pengfei Li

Authors
  1. Mengmeng Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dongdong Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shuaishuai Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lin Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fengqiao Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qing Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mingzhu Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Pengfei Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mingzhu Liu or Pengfei Li.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Handling Editor: Dr. Gavin Burnell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, M., Wei, D., Huang, S. et al. Medicinal herbs and phytochemicals to combat pathogens in aquaculture. Aquacult Int 30, 1239–1259 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00841-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-022-00841-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation