Abstract
In this study, the effects of less-expensive protein sources replaced with soybean meal on growth performance, nutrient utilization and body composition of juvenile grass carp were investigated. For this purpose, a control diet containing 42% soybean meal was prepared. Cotton seed meal (CSM), sunflower meal (SFM) and corn meal (CM) were added to the experimental diets by replacing 100% of the soybean meal protein used in the control diet. All diets were iso-nitrogenous (40% crude protein) and iso-caloric (19.5 MJ kg−1 gross energy). Each treatment had three replicates, and 20 juvenile grass carps (3.5 ± 0.1 g, initial weight) were located in per replicate. The fish were fed to satiety three times in a day during 3 months at 26°C of water temperature in glass aquarium (45 l). The results of the study showed that the weight gain (308.6–448.6%), specific growth rate (1.56–1.89%/day), feed conversion rate (1.2–1.9), protein efficiency ratio (1.32–2.08), and apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (80.5–89%) or sum of amino acids (80.5–88.9%) were not significantly affected by the experimental diets, except diet CM. All of these values obtained for the diet CM were significantly lower than those of fish fed on the control, CSM and SFM diets. However, there were no significant differences between the lipid digestibility of the diets, and crude protein, lipid, and gross energy contents in the whole body of fish in experiments. In conclusion, CSM and SFM diets were highly utilized by juvenile grass carp, but not CM diet. These results combined with the remarkable acceptability of diets containing high levels of plant protein ingredients with identical growth performances of juvenile grass carp show clearly that dietary soybean meal level can be considerably reduced without any adverse consequence in terms of somatic growth and nitrogen utilization.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington
Cai X, Luo L, Xue M, Wu X, Zhan W (2005) Growth performance, body composition and phosphorus availability of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) as affected by diet processing and replacement of fishmeal by detoxified castor bean meal. Aquac Nutr 11:293–299
Cho CY, Slinger SJ (1979) Apparent digestibility measurement in feedstuffs for rainbow trout. In: Halver J, Tiews K (eds) Proceedings world symposium on finfish nutrition and fishfeed technology, vol II. Heenemann, Berlin, pp 239–247
Dabrowski K (1977) Protein requirements of grass carp fry (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture 12:63–73
Dongmeza EB, Francis G, Steinbronn S, Focken U, Becker K (2010) Investigations on the digestibility and metabolizability of the major nutrients and energy of maize leaves and barnyard grass in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquac Nutr 16:313–326
Dorsa WJ, Robinette HR, Robinson EH, Poe WE (1982) Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and gossypol on growth of young channel catfish. Trans Am Fish Soc 111:651–655
El-Saidy DMSD, Gaber MMA (2003) Replacement of fish meal with a mixture of different plant protein sources in juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) diets. Aquac Res 34:1119–1127
Engelke GL (1997) Advances in corn hybrids bring change. Feedstuffs 69(20):29–36
Furukawa A, Tsukahara H (1966) On the acid digestion of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 32:502–506
Garg SK, Kalla A, Bhatnagar A (2002) Evaluation of raw and hydrothermically processed leguminous seeds as supplementary feed for the growth of two Indian major carp species. Aquac Res 33:151–163
Hasan MR, Macintosh DJ, Jauncey K (1997) Evaluation of some plant ingredients as dietary protein sources for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry. Aquaculture 151:55–70
Hertrampf JW, Paccual FP (2000) Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Law AT (1986) Digestibility of low-cost ingredients in pelleted feed by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella C. et V.). Aquaculture 51:97–103
Li A (1996) Aquaculture animal’s feed and nutrition. Chinese Agriculture Press Inc., Beijing
Li MH, Robinson EH (2006) Use of cottonseed meal in aquatic animal diets: a review. N Am J Aquac 68(1):14–22
Mgbenka BO, Lovell RT (1986) Intensive feeding of grass carp in ponds. Prog Fish-Cult 48:238–241
NRC (1999) Nutrient requirements of fish. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington
Robinson EH (1991) Improvement of cottonseed meal protein with supplement lysine in feeds for channel catfish. J Appl Aquac 1:1–14
Robinson EH, Li MH (1994) Use of plant proteins in catfish feeds: replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed meal and replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and cottonseed meal. J World Aquac Soc 25:271–276
Robinson EH, Li MH (1995) Use of cottonseed meal in aquaculture feeds. In: Lim C, Sessa DJ (eds) Nutrition and utilization technology in aquaculture. AOCS Press, Champaign
Sarwar G, Botting HG (1993) Evaluation of liquid chromatographic analysis of important amino acids in food and physiological samples. J Chromatogr B 615:1–22
Shelton WL, Smitherman RO, Jensen GL (1981) Density related growth of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.) in managed small impoundments in Alabama. J Fish Biol 18:45–51
Shireman JV, Colle DE, Rottmann RW (1978) Growth of grass carp fed natural and prepared diets under intensive culture. J Fish Biol 12:457–463
Storebakken T, Refstie S, Ruyter B (2000) Soy products as fat and protein sources in fish feeds for intensive aquaculture. In: Drackley JK (ed) Soy in animal nutrition. Fed Anim Sci Soc Savoy, IL
Wang S, Liu YJ, Tian LX, Xie MQ, Yang HJ, Wang Y, Liang GY (2005) Quantitative dietary lysine requirement of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture 249:419–429
Windell JT, Foltz JW, Sarokon JA (1978) Methods of fecal collection and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Prog Fish-Cult 40(2):51–55
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the support from the Firat University, Unit of Scientific Research Projects, under agreement No: FUBAP-1059. The authors gratefully acknowledge Keban Fish Breeding Unit of IX. Region Directorate of the State Hydraulic Works (Elazig, Turkey) for providing fish samples.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Köprücü, K., Sertel, E. The effects of less-expensive plant protein sources replaced with soybean meal in the juvenile diet of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): growth, nutrient utilization and body composition. Aquacult Int 20, 399–412 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9471-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9471-7