Abstract
The recent decreasing worldwide supplies of marine oils have forced the aquaculture industry to investigate alternative lipid sources for use in marine fish feeds. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of dietary replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growth performance, nutritive utilization, body composition, and fatty acid profile as well as feed cost. Two dietary vegetable oil (VO) mix blends (VO1 and VO2) in which: sunflower (SO), cottonseed (CO) and linseed (LO) for VO1 or soybean oil (SBO) for VO2, were tested as 60% fish oil (FO) substitutes versus the 100% FO control or reference diet (FO). Three iso-proteic (46% CP) and iso-lipidic (18%) experimental diets were hand fed, twice a day, 6 days a week to apparent visual satiety to triplicate groups of seabream growers (average initial weight, 130.9 ± 3.44 g), until fish reached market size (300–400 g/fish) after 20 weeks at mean ambient temperature 27.0 ± 1.8°C. All experimental diets were well accepted by seabream growers regardless of the different lipid sources used, as overall mean feed intake (FI) and daily intake (DFI) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments. In terms of growth performance, fish fed VO1 diet (with LO) exhibited a relatively lower, but significant (P < 0.05), total weight gain (WG) than fish fed all FO diet (FO). However, mean value of WG of fish fed either vegetable oil-tested diet was nonsignificantly different. Feeding seabream growers vegetable oil (VO) diets (VO1 or VO2) had no significant effect on specific growth rate (SGR), daily weight index (DWI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) among dietary treatments. Consumption of VO for 20 weeks did not significantly alter the major nutrient composition of fish, but the muscle fatty acid (FA) profile was significantly altered compared to the reference FO diet. Comparatively reduced levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), as well as elevated levels of linoleic and linolenic acids (LA and LNA) compared with fish fed the FO were noticed. In terms of economics, 17 or 20% reduction in Kg feed cost was obtained for diets VO1 or VO2, respectively. In terms of growth performance and cost, VO2 diet showed slight relative superiority over VO1 diet. However, in terms of liver structure morphology, VO1 diet (with LO) has resulted in less fat-infiltration and altered hepatic cells than VO2 (with SBO). As these traits do not affect yield or the price paid for the fish, VO2 diet has therefore been considered better than VO1 as complementary lipid sources for gilthead seabream grower diets.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alexis MN (1997) Fish meal and fish oil replacers in Mediterranean marine fish diets. In: Tacon A, Basurco B (eds) Proc. workshop “Feeding tomorrow’s fish,” Mazarron, Spain, Cahier Options Mediterr, Vol 22, June 24–26, 1996, pp 183–204
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995) International official methods of analysis, 16th edn. Arlington, Virginia, USA
Barlow S (2000) Fish meal and fish oil: sustainable feed ingredients for aquafeeds. Glob Aquac Advocate 4:85–88
Bell JG, McEvoy J, Tocher DR, McGhee F, Campbell PJ, Sargent JR (2001) Replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue lipid composition and hepatocyte fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 131:222–230
Caballero MJ, Izquierdo MS, Kjorsvik E, Fernandez AJ, Rosenlund G (2004) Histological alterations in the liver of seabream Sparus aurata, caused by short- or long-term feeding with vegetable oils: recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. J Fish Dis 27:531–541. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00572.x
Christie WW (1982) Lipid analysis, 2nd edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford
El-Kerdawy A, Salama A (1997) Effect of dietary lipid sources on the growth and fatty acid composition of gilthead bream Sparus aurata. In: Tacon A, Basurco B (eds) Proc. Workshop “Feeding tomorrow’s fish,” Mazarron, Spain, Cahier Options Medit., Vol 22, June 24–26, 1996, pp 235–241
Figueiredo-Silva A, Rocha E, Dias J, Silva P, Rema P, Gomes E et al (2005) Partial replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on lipid distribution and liver histology in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquacult Nutr 11:147–155. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00337.x
Folch J, Lees M, Sloan-Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497–509
General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD) (2008) Annual fishery statistical report of fish production in Egypt during 2006 (in Arabic)
Glencross BD, Hawkins W, Curnow J (2003a) Evaluation of Canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus. Aquacult Nutr 9:305–315. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00257.x
Glencross BD, Hawkins W, Curnow J (2003b) Restoration of fatty acid composition of red seabream (Pagrus auratus) using a fish oil finishing diet after grow-out on plant oil based diets. Aquacult Nutr 9:409–418. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00272.x
Herold PM, Kinsella JE (1986) Fish oil consumption and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, a comparison of findings from animal and human feeding trials. Am J Clin Nutr 43:566–598
Hwang D (1989) Essential fatty acids and immune responses. FASEB J 3:2052–2061
Izquierdo MS, Obach A, Arantzamendi L, Montero D, Robaina L, Rosenlund G (2003) Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquacult Nutr 9:397–407. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00270.x
Jobling M, Larsen AV, Andreseasen B, Olsen RI, Sigholt T (2002) Influence of dietary shift on temporal changes in fat deposition and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon post-smolt during the early phase of seawater rearing. Aquacult Res 33:875–889. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00727.x
Kalogeropoulos N, Alexis MN, Henderson RJ (1992) Effects of dietary soybean and cod-liver oil levels on growth and body composition of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 104:203–308. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(92)90211-3
Kaushik SJ (2004) Fish oil replacement in aquafeeds. Aquafeeds Formulation Beyond Mag 1:3–6
Lupatsch I, Kissil GW, Sklan D (2003) Defining energy and protein requirements of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Israeli J Aquacult Bamidgeh 55:243–257
Montero D, Kalinowski T, Obach A, Robaina L, Tort L, Caballero MJ et al (2003) Vegetable lipid sources for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): effects on fish health. Aquaculture 225:353–370. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00301-6
Mourente G, Good JE, Bell JG (2005) Partial substitution of fish oil with rapeseed, linseed and olive oils in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): effects on flesh fatty acid composition, plasma prostaglandins E2 and E2α immune function and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet. Aquacult Nutr 11:25–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00320.x
National Cottonseed Products Association (NPCA) (2003) www.cottonseedcom/publications
Piedecausa MA, Mazόn MJ, Garcia BG, Hernández MD (2007) Effects of total replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils in the diets of sharp snout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). Aquaculture 263:211–219. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.039
Sadek SS, Osman MF, Mansour MA (2004) Growth, survival and feed conversion rates of seabream (Sparus aurata) cultured in earthen brackish water ponds fed different feed types. Aquacult Int 1:1–13
Saleh NE (2006) Evaluation of some plant lipid sources in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata diets. PhD thesis, Alexandria University
Sargent JR, Tocher DR, Bell JG (2002) The lipids. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds) Fish nutrition, 3rd edn. Elsevier, USA, pp 181–257
Tocher DR, Harvie DG (1988) Fatty scid compositions of the major phosphoglycerides from fish neural tissues: (n − 3) and (n − 6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri L.) and cod (Gadus morhua) brains and retinas. Fish Physiol Biochem 5:229–239. doi:10.1007/BF01874800
Wassef EA, Wahby OM, Sakr EM (2007) Effect of dietary vegetable oils on health and liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growers. Aquacult Res 38:852–861. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01738.x
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to Dr. O. Malak for her help in preparation of liver sections.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wassef, E.A., Saleh, N.E. & El-Abd El-Hady, H.A. Vegetable oil blend as alternative lipid resources in diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata . Aquacult Int 17, 421–435 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-008-9213-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-008-9213-7