Abstract
Apoptosis is a contributing cause of dopaminergic neuron loss in Parkinson disease. Recent work has shown that erythropoietin (EPO) offers protection against apoptosis in a wide variety of tissues. We demonstrate that exposure of PC12 cells to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) with recombinant human EPO, significantly decreased apoptosis as measured by TUNEL and caspase-3 activity when compared to MPP+ treatment alone. EPO induced sustained phosphorylation of Akt and its substrate, GSK-3β, reduced caspase-3 activities in PC12 cells. The anti-apoptotic effect of EPO was abrogated by co-treatment with LY294002, the specific blocker of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). The effects of EPO on GSK-3β and caspase-3 activities were also blocked by LY294002. LiCl, the inhibitor of GSK-3β, downregulated the caspase-3 activity and blocked the apoptosis induced by MPP+. Finally, we determined that EPO transiently activated the ERK signaling pathway, but PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK, does not alter the survival effect of EPO in this model system. Thus, these findings indicate that EPO protects against apoptosis in PC12 cells exposed to MPP+, through the Akt/GSK-3β/caspase-3 signaling pathway, but the ERK pathway is not involved in the EPO-dependent survival enhancing effect in this model system.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Marti HH, Wenger RH, Rivas LA et al (1996) Erythropoietin gene expression in human monkey and murine brain. Eur J Neurosci 8:666–676
Morishita E, Masuda S, Nagao M, Tasuda Y, Sasaki R (1997) Erythropoietin receptor is expressed in rat hippocampal and cerebral cortical neurons, and erythropoietin prevents in vitro glutamate induced neuronal death. Neuroscience 76:105–116
Chong ZZ, Lin SH, Kang JQ, Maiese K (2003) Erythropoietin prevents early and late neuronal demise through modulation of Akt1 and induction of caspase 1, 3, and 8. J Neurosci Res 71:659–669
Villa P, Bigini P, Mennini T et al (2003) Erythropoietin selectively attenuates cytokine production and inflammation in cerebral ischemia by targeting neuronal apoptosis. J Exp Med 198:971–975
Csete M, Rodriguez L, Wilcox M, Chadalavada S (2004) Erythropoietin receptor is expressed on adult rat dopaminergic neurons and erythropoietin is neurotrophic in cultured dopaminergic neuroblasts. Neurosci Lett 359:124–126
Genc S, Kuralay F, Genc K et al (2001) Erythropoietin exerts neuroprotection in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/BL mice via increasing nitric oxide production. Neurosci Lett 298:139–141
Signore AP, Weng Z, Hastings T et al (2006) Erythropoietin protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic cell death. J Neurochem 96:428–443
Heikkila RE, Hess A, Duvoisin RC (1984) Dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Science 224:1451–1453
Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I (1983) Chronic Parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 219:979–980
Itano Y, Kitamura Y, Nomura Y (1994) 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cell death in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 25:419–424
Rebois RV, Reynolds EE, Toll L, Howard BD (1980) Storage of dopamine and acetylcholine in granules of PC12, a clonal pheochromocytoma cell line. Biochemistry 19:1240–1248
Hatanaka H (1981) Nerve growth factor-mediated stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in a clonal rat pheochromocytoma cell line. Brain Res 222:225–233
Tuler SM, Hazen AA, Bowen JM (1989) Release and metabolism of dopamine in a clonal line of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells exposed to fenthion. Fund Appl Toxicol 13:484–492
Mutoh T, Tokuda A, Marini AM, Fujiki N (1994) 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinum kills differentiated PC12 cells with a concomitant change in protein phosphorylation. Brain Res 661:51–55
Cappelletti G, Maggioni MG, Maci R (1999) Influence of MPP+ on the state of tubulin polymerisation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 56:28–35
Gelinas S, Martinoli MG (2002) Neuroprotective effect of estradiol and phytoestrogens on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in neuronal PC12 cells. J Neurosci Res 70:90–96
Ryu EJ, Harding HP, Angelastro JM, Vitolo OV, Ron D, Greene LA (2002) Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in cellular models of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 22:10690–10698
Viswanath V, Wu Y, Boonplueang R et al (2001) Caspase-9 activation results in downstream caspase-8 activation and bid cleavage in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 21:9519–9528
Yamamoto T, Yuyama K, Nakamura K, Kato T, Yamamoto H (2000) Kinetic characterization of the nitric oxide toxicity for PC12 cells: effect of half-life time of NO release. Eur J Pharmacol 397:25–33
Ohgoh M, Kimura M, Ogura H, Katayama K, Nishizawa Y (1998) Apoptotic cell death of cultured cerebral cortical neurons induced by withdrawal of astroglial trophic support. Exp Neurol 149:51–63
Hartley A, Stone JM, Heron C, Cooper JM, Schapira AH (1994) Complex I inhibitors induce dose-dependent apoptosis in PC12 cells: relevance to Parkinson’s disease. J Neurochem 63:1987–1990
Franke TF, Hornik CP, Segev L, Shostak GA, Sugimoto C (2003) PI3K/Akt and apoptosis: size matters. Oncogene 22:8983–8998
Amaravadi R, Thompson CB (2005) The survival kinases Akt and Pim as potential pharmacological targets. J Clin Invest 115:2618–2624
Li M, Wang X, Meintzer MK, Laessig T, Birnbaum MJ, Heidereich KA (2000) Cyclic AMP promotes neuronal survival by phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. Mol Cell Biol 20:9356–9363
Kaytor MD, Orr HT (2002) The GSK3 beta signaling cascade and neurodegenerative disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:275–278
Alvarez G, Munoz-Montano JR, Satrustegui J, Avila J, Bogonez E, Diaz-Nido J (1999) Lithium protects cultured neurons against betaamyloid-induced neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett 453:260–264
Liou AK, Clark RS, Henshall DC, Yin XM, Chen J (2003) To die or not to die for neurons in ischemia, traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: a review on the stress-activated signaling pathways and apoptotic pathways. Prog Neurobiol 69:103–142
Han BS, Hong HS, Choi WS, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH, Oh YJ (2003) Caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in primary cultures of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons after neurotoxin treatment. J Neurosci 23:5069–5078
Seaton TA, Cooper JM, Schapira AH (1997) Free radical scavengers protect dopaminergic cell lines from apoptosis induced by complex I inhibitors. Brain Res 777:110–118
Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y (1998) Caspases: enemies within. Science 281:1312–1316
Blum D, Torch S, Lambeng N et al (2001) Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 65:135–172
Di Monte D, Sandy MS, Ekstrom G, Smith MT (1986) Comparative studies on the mechanisms of paraquat and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 137:303–309
Cassarino DS, Parks JK, Parker WD Jr, Bennett JP Jr (1999) The parkinsonian neurotoxin MPP+ opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and releases cytochrome c in isolated mitochondria via an oxidative mechanism. Biochem Biophys Acta 1453:49–62
Siren AL, Fratelli M, Brines M et al (2001) Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:4044–4049
Chong ZZ, Lin SH, Kang JQ, Maiese K (2003) Erythropoietin prevents early and late neuronal demise through modulation of Akt1 and induction of caspase 1, 3, and 8. J Neurosci Res 71:659–669
Sakanaka M, Wen TC, Matsuda S et al (1998) In vivo evidence that erythropoietin protects neurons from ischemic damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4635–4640
Weishaupt JH, Rohde G, Polking E, Siren AL, Ehrenreich H, Bahr M (2004) Effect of erythropoietin axotomy-induced apoptosis in rat retinal ganglion cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(5):1514–1522
Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C et al (2002) Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 8:495–505
Masuda S, Nagao M, Takahata K et al (1993) Functional erythropoietin receptor of the cells with neural characteristics. Comparison with receptor properties of erythroid cells. J Biol Chem 268:11208–11216
Hong F, Kwon SJ, Jhun BS et al (2001) Insulin-like growth factor-1 protects H9c2 cardiac myoblasts from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. Life Sci 68:1095–1105
Di Segni A, Farin K, Pinkas Kramarski R (2006) ErbB4 activation inhibits MPP+-induced cell death in PC12-ErbB4 cells: involvement of PI3K and Erk signaling. J Mol Neurosci 29:257–268
Songyang Z, Baltimore D, Cantley LC, Kaplan DR, Franke TF (1997) Interleukin-3-dependent survival by the Akt protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:11345–11350
Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Andjelkovich M, Hemmings BA (1995) Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 378:785–789
Hajduch E, Alessi DR, Hemmings BA, Hundal HS (1998) Constitutive activation of protein kinase B alpha by membrane targeting promotes glucose and system A amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 in L6 muscle cells. Diabetes 47:1006–1013
Shaw M, Cohen P, Alessi DR (1997) Further evidence that the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta by IGF-1 is mediated by PDK1/PKBinduced phosphorylation of Ser-9 and not by dephosphorylation of Tyr-216. FEBS Lett 416:307–311
Bhat RV, Shanley J, Correll MP et al (2000) Regulation and localization of tyrosine216 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta in cellular and animal models of neuronal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:11074–11079
Pap M, Cooper GM (1998) Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway. J Biol Chem 273:19929–19932
Somervaille TC, Linch DC, Khwaja A (2001) Growth factor withdrawal from primary human erythroid progenitors induces apoptosis through a pathway involving glycogen synthase kinase-3 and Bax. Blood 98:1374–1381
Bijur GN, Jope RS (2001) Proapoptotic stimuli induce nuclear accumulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta. J Biol Chem 276:37436–37442
King TD, Bijur GN, Jope RS (2001) Caspase-3 activation induced by inhibition of mitochondrial complex I is facilitated by glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and attenuated by lithium. Brain Res 919:106–114
Yamaguchi H, Wang HG (2001) The protein kinase PKB/Akt regulates cell survival and apoptosis by inhibiting Bax conformational change. Oncogene 20:7779–7786
Bo J, Ming BY, Gang LZ, Lei C, Jia AL (2005) Protection by puerarin against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells mediated by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-3-like activation. Neurosci Res 53:183–188
Lee CS, Han ES, Kim YK (2006) Piperine inhibition of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 537:37–44
Guan S, Jiang B, Bao YM, An LJ (2006) Protocatechuic acid suppresses MPP (+)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death in PC12 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 44:1659–1666
Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, Davis RJ, Greenberg ME (1995) Opposing effects of Erk and Jnk-P38 Map kinases on apoptosis. Science 270:1326–1331
Virdee K, Tolkovsky AM (1996) Inhibition of p42 and p44 mitogenactivated protein kinase activity by PD98059 does not suppress nerve growth factor-induced survival of sympathetic neurons. J Neurochem 67:1801–1805
Yan CYI, Greene LA (1998) Prevention of PC12 cell death by N-acetylcysteine requires activation of the Ras pathway. J Neurosci 18:4042–4049
Ruscher K, Freyer D, Karsch M et al (2002) Erythropoietin is a paracrine mediator of is ischemic tolerance in the brain: evidence from an in vitro model. J Neurosci 22:10291–10301
Hanlon PR, Fu P, Wright GL, Steenbergen C, Arcasoy MO, Murphy E (2005) Mechanisms of erythropoietin-mediated cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury: role of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. FASEB J 19:1323–1325
Siren AL, Fratelli M, Brines M et al (2001) Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98:4044–4049
Lee SM, Nguyen TH, Park MH et al (2004) EPO receptor-mediated ERK kinase and NF-kappaB activation in erythropoietin-promoted differentiation of astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 320:1087–1095
Kilic E, Kilic U, Soliz J, Bassetti CL, Gassmann M, Hermann DM (2005) Brain-derived erythropoietin protects from focal cerebral ischemia by dual activation of ERK-1/-2 and Akt pathways. FASEB J 19:2026–2028
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge Jieping Zhou for technical assistance. This study was supported by a grant from the Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30570627/C030307).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors Yan Wu and You Shang are equally contributed to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, Y., Shang, Y., Sun, S. et al. Erythropoietin prevents PC12 cells from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced apoptosis via the Akt/GSK-3β/caspase-3 mediated signaling pathway. Apoptosis 12, 1365–1375 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-007-0065-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-007-0065-9