Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), pests of horticultural crops

  • Published:
Experimental and Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard are important pests of horticultural crops. They are infected by entomopathogenic fungi naturally or experimentally. Fungal pathogens known to cause high infection in spider mite populations belong to the order Entomophthorales and include Neozygites spp. Studies are being carried out to develop some of these fungi as mycoacaricides, as stand-alone control measures in an inundative strategy to replace the synthetic acaricides currently in use or as a component of integrated mite management. Although emphasis has been put on inundative releases, entomopathogenic fungi can also be used in classical, conservation and augmentative biological control. Permanent establishment of an exotic agent in a new area of introduction may be possible in the case of spider mites. Conservation biological control can be achieved by identifying strategies to promote any natural enemies already present within crop ecosystems, based on a thorough understanding of their biology, ecology and behaviour. Further research should focus on development of efficient mass production systems, formulation, and delivery systems of fungal pathogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alves SB, Tamai MA, Lopes RB (1998) Avaliação de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. para controle de Tetranychus urticae Koch em crisântemo. In: Abstracts 17th Brazil. congr entomol Rio de Janeiro, p 1068

  • Alves SB, Rossi LS, Lopes RB, Tamai MA, Pereira RM (2002) Beauveria bassiana yeast phase on agar medium and its pathogenicity against Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Invertebr Pathol 81:70–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balazy S (1993) Flora of Poland. Fungi (Mycota). Vol 24. Entomophthorales. Institute of Botany, Krakow, 356 pp

  • Bateman RP (1997) Methods of application of microbial pesticide formulations for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. Mem Ent Soc Can 171:67–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair BW (1983) Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae); a new pest of tobacco in Zimbabwe. Coresta Phytopathology and Agronomy Study Groups, Bergerac, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Boekhout T, Theelen B, Houbraken J, Robert V, Scorzetti G, Gafni A, Gerson U, Sztejnberg A (2003) Novel anamorphic mite-associated fungi belonging to the Ustilaginomycetes: Meirageulakonigii gen. nov., sp. nov., Meira argovae sp. nov. and Acaromyces ingoldii gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1655–1664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boykin LS, Campbell WV, Beute MK (1984) Effect of pesticides on Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and arthropod predators attacking the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) in North Carolina peanut fields. J Econ Entomol 77:969–974

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg RL, Kennedy GG (1981) Overwintering to the pathogen Entomophthora floridana and its host, the twospotted spider mite. J Econ Entomol 74:428–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg RL, Kennedy GG (1982) Relationship of Neozygites floridana (Entomophthorales, Entomophthoraceae) to twospotted spider mite (Acari, Tetranychidae) populations in field corn. J Econ Entomol 75:691–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandenburg RL, Kennedy GG (1983) Interactive effect of selected pesticides on the twospotted spider mite and its fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana. Entomol Exp Appl 34:240–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera RI, Lopez A (1977) Estudio sobre la conservacion de la flora micologica de los citricos en Cuba. Cien Tec Agric Serie Citricos y Otros Frutales 1:97–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler D, Davidson G, Pell JG, Ball BV, Shaw K, Sunderland KD (2000) Fungal biocontrol of Acari. Biocontrol Sci Technol 10:357–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler D, Davidson G, Jacobson RJ (2005) Laboratory and glasshouse evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), on tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Biocontrol Sci Technol 15:37–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dara SK, Hountondji FCC (2001) Effects of formulated Imidacloprid on two mite pathogens, Neozygites floridana (Zygomycota: Zygomycetes) and Hirsutella thompsonii (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes). Insect Sci Appl 21:133–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Faria MR, Wraight SP (2007) Mycoinsecticides and Mycoacaricides: A comprehensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of formulation types. Biol Control 43:537–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Moraes GJ, Delalibera I Jr (1992) Specificity of a strain of Neozygites sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp Appl Acarol 14:89–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dresner E (1949) Culture and use of entomogenous fungi for the control of insects. Contrib Boyce Thompson Inst 15:319–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Eilenberg J, Hajek AE, Lomer C (2001) Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. Biocontrol 46:387–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Shah PA, Clark SJ, Pell JK (2005) Conservation biological control with the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis: implications of aphid species, host plant and predator foraging. Agric For Entomol 7:21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot SL, Mumford JD, Moraes GJ, Sabelis MW (2002) Age-specific rates of infection of cassava green mites by a fungal pathogen in Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 27:169–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson KI, Stiling P (1996) Non-additive effects of multiple natural enemies on aphid populations. Oecologia 108:383–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferragut F, Escudero LA (1999) Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari, Tetranychidae), una nueva araña roja en los cultivos horticolas españoles. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 25:157–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiaboe KKM (2007) Studies of potential predators of tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard for possible introduction as biocontrol agents in Africa. Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

  • Furtado IP, de Moraes GJ, Keller S (1996) Infection of Euseius citrifolius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) by an entomophthoralean fungus in Brazil. Rev Ecossistema 21:85–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Furtado IP, de Moraes GJ, Kreiter S, Garcin M-S, Knapp M (2007) Potential of a Brazilian population of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes as a biological control agent of Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Biol Control 42:139–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa JR (1987) Ecological considerations for the use of entomopathogens in IPM. Annu Rev Entomol 32:225–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa JR (1998) Environmental manipulation for microbial control of insects. In: Barbosa P (ed) Conservation biological control. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 255–268

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner WA, Oetting RD, Storey GK (1982) Susceptibility of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to the fungal pathogen Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher. Fla Entomol 65:458–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerson U, Kenneth R, Muttah TI (1979) Hirsutella thompsonii, a fungal pathogen of mites host pathogen interaction. Ann Appl Biol 91:29–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerson U, Smiley RL, Ochoa R (2003) Mites (Acari) for pest control. Blackwell, Oxford, 539 pp

  • Gillespie AT, Hall RA, Burges HD (1982) Control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, and the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, by Verticillium lecanii. In: Abstracts of offered papers of the third international colloquium on invertebrate pathology, Brighton, UK, 6–10 September 1982, p 100

  • Goettel MS, Hajek AE (2001) Evaluation of non-target effects of pathogens used for management of arthropods. In: Wajnberg E, Scott JK, Quimby PC (eds) Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control. CABI, UK, pp 81–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurr GM, van Emden HF, Wratten SD (1998) Habitat manipulation and natural enemy efficiency: implications for the control of pests. In: Barbosa P (ed) Conservation biological control. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 155–183

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez J, Etienne J (1986) Les Tetranychidae de l’île de la Réunion et quelques-uns de leurs prédateurs. Agron Trop 41:84–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajek AE, St Leger RJ (1994) Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts. Annu Rev Entomol 39:293–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hajek AE, McManus ML, Delalibera I Jr (2005) Catalogue of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, For. Heal. Techn, Fort Collins, 59 pp

  • Hajek AE, McManus ML, Delalibera I Jr (2007) A review of introductions of pathogens and nematodes for classical biological control of insects and mites. Biol Control 41:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall RA, Papierok B (1982) Fungi as biological control agents of arthropods of agricultural and medical importance. Parasitology 8:205–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helle W, Sabelis MW (1985a) Spider mites—their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 405 pp

  • Helle W, Sabelis MW (1985b) Spider mites—their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1b. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 458 pp

  • Ho CC, Wang SC, Chien YL (2004) Field observation on 2 newly recorded spider mites in Taiwan. Pl Protect Bull 47:391–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Hountondji FCC, Yaninek JS, Moraes GJ, Oduor GI (2002a) Host specificity of cassava green mite pathogen Neozygites floridana. Biocontrol 47:61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hountondji FCC, Lomer CJ, Hanna R, Cherry AJ, Dara SK (2002b) Field evaluation of Brazilian isolates of Host specificity of cassava green mite pathogen Neozygites floridana. Biocontrol 47:61–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humber RA, de Moraes GJ, Santos dos JM (1981) Natural infection of Tetranychus evansi (Acarina: Tetranychidae) by a Triplosporium spp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in Northeastern Brazil. Entomophaga 26:421–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis GD, Goettel MS, Butt TM, Strasser H (2001) Use of hyphomycetous fungi for managing insect pests. In: Butt TM, Jackson C, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress, problems and potential. CABI, Wallingford, pp 27–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Irigaray FJSC, Marco-Mancebon V, Perez-Moreno I (2003) The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and its compatibility with triflumuron: effects on the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Biol Control 26:168–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson RJ, Chandler D, Fenlon J, Russel KM (2001) Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin with Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) to control Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber plants. Biocontrol Sci Technol 11:391–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones KA, Burges HD (1998) Technology of formulation and application. In: Burges HD (ed) Formulation of microbial biopesticides. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 7–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller S (1991) Arthropod-pathogenic Entomophthorales of Switzerland. II. Erynia, Eryniopsis, Neozygites, Zoophthora and Tarichium. Sydowia 43:39–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller S (1997) The genus Neozygites (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) with special reference to species found in tropical regions. Sydowia 49:118–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GG, Smitley DR (1988) Method of controlling plant feeding mites with the fungus Neozygites floridana. US Patent v.4: 752,468, 7

  • Kenneth R, Wallis G, Gerson U, Plaut HN (1972) Observations and experiments on Triplosporium floridanum (Entomophthorales) attacking spider mites in Israel. J Invertebr Pathol 19:366–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klingen I, Westrum K (2007) The effect of pesticides used in strawberries on the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its fungal natural enemy Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Biol Control 43:222–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp M, Wagener B, Navajas M (2003) Molecular discrimination between the spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Prichard, an important pest of tomatoes in southern Africa, and the closely related species T. urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Afr Entomol 11:300–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogan PH, Hajek AE (2000) Formation of azygospores by the insect pathogenic fungus Entomophthora maimaiga in cell culture. J Invertebr Pathol 75:193–2001

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koike M, Kodama T, Kikuchi A, Okabe M, Kuramoti K, Saito Y (2005) Effects of Verticillium lecanii (Lecanicillium spp.) against twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae and its natural enemy Phytoseiulus persimilis. In: Abstracts of 38th annual meeting of society of invertebrate pathology, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, pp 7–11

  • Landis DA, Menalled FD (1998) Ecological considerations in the conservation of effective parasitoid communities in agricultural systems. In: Barbosa P (ed) Conservation biological control. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 101–121

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig SW, Oetting RD (2001) Susceptibility of natural enemies to infection by Beauveria bassiana and impact of insecticides on Ipheseius degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J Agric Urban Entomol 18:169–178

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe D, Soper RS (1985) Preparation of an entomopathogenic fungal insect control agent. US Patent 4, 530, 834

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer MKP (Smith) (1987) African Tetranychidae (Acari: Prostigmata)-with reference to the world genera. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Rep. S. Afr. 69:1–175

  • Mietkiewski R, Balazy S, van der Geest LPS (1993) Observations on a mycosis of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) caused by Neozygites floridana in Poland. J Invertebr Pathol 61:317–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mietkiewski R, Balazy S, Tkaczuk C (2000) Mycopathogens of mites in Poland: a review. Biocontrol Sci Technol 10:459–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Migeon A (2005) Un nouvel acarien ravageur en France: Tetranychus evansi Baker et Pritchard. Phytoma – La Défense des Végétaux 579:38–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Migeon A, Dorkeld F (2006) Spider mites web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae. http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb

  • Milner RJ (1997) Prospects for biopesticides for aphid control. Entomophaga 42:227–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mineiro JL, Raga A, Leite LG, Humber RA, Sato ME, Nicastro RL (2004) Pathogenicity in the laboratory of the fungus Lecanicillium muscarium against phytophagous mites. In: Brazilian entomological congress abstracts and proceedings, Sept. 2004, Gramado, Brazil, p 176

  • Nemoto H, Kobayashi M, Takizawa Y (1975) Entomophthora floridana (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) attacking the sugi spider mite, Oligonychus hondoensis (Acari: Tetranychidae) Japan. Appl Entomol Zool 10:90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyrop J, English-Loeb G, Roda A (1998) Conservation biological control of spider mites in perennial cropping systems. In: Barbosa P (ed) Conservation biological control. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 307–333

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Omoto C, McCoy CW (1998) Toxicity of purified fungal toxin Hirsutellin A to the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ash). J Invertebr Pathol 72:319–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paz Z, Gerson U, Sztejnberg A (2007) Assaying three new fungi against citrus mites in the laboratory, and a field trial. Biocontrol 52:855–862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pell JK (2007) Ecological approaches to pest management using entomopathogenic fungi; concepts, theory, practice and opportunities. In: Ekesi S, Maniania NK (eds) Use of entomopathogenic fungi in biological pest management. Research Signpost, Kerala, pp 145–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Pell JK, Eilenberg J, Hajek AE, Steinkraus DS (2001) Biology, ecology and pest management potential of Entomophthorales. In: Butt TM, Jackson C, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents: progress, problems and potential. CABI, Wallingford, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi AH, Oatman ER, Fletchner CA (1969) Biology of the spider mite, Tetranychus evansi. Ann Entomol Soc Am 62:898–903

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosas-Acevedo JL, Boucias DG, Lezama R, Sims K, Pescador A (2003) Exudate from sporulating cultures of Hirsutella thompsonii inhibit oviposition by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Exp Appl Acarol 29:213–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy HE, Pell JK (2000) Interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and other natural enemies: Implications for biological control. Biocontrol Sci Technol 10:737–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson RA, McCoy CW, O’Donnell KL (1980) Taxonomy of the acarine parasite Hirsutella thompsonii. Mycologia 72:359–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunyama IGM, Knapp M (2003) The effects of pruning and trellising of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) on red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard) incidence and crop yield in Zimbabwe. Afr Crop Sci J 11:269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah PA, Pell JK (2003) Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 61:413–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah PA, Aebi M, Tuor U (1998) Method to immobilize the aphid-pathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis in an Alginate matrix for biocontrol. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4260–4263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah PA, Aebi M, Tuor U (2000) Infection of Macrosiphum euphorbiae with mycelial preparations of Erynia neoaphidis in a greenhouse trial. Mycol Res 104:645–652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi WB, Jiang J, Feng MG (2005) Compatibility of ten acaricides with Beauveria bassiana and enhancement of fungal infection to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) eggs by sublethal application rates of pyridaben. Appl Entomol Zool 40:659–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibanda T, Dobson HM, Cooper JF, Manyangarirwa W, Chiimba W (2000) Pest management challenges for smallholder vegetable farmers in Zimbabwe. Crop Protect 19:807–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simova S, Draganova S (2003) Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae, Acarina). Rasteniev’dni Nauki 40:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Smitley DR, Kennedy GG, Brooks WM (1986) Role of the entomogenous fungus, Neozygites floridana, in population declines of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, on field corn. Entomol Exp Appl 41:255–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soper RS, Ward, MG (1981) Production, formulation and application of fungi for insect control. In: Papavizas GC (ed) Biological control in crop production. BARC symposium No. 5, Allanheld, Osmun, Totowa, pp 161–180

  • St. Leger RJ (2001) Prospects for strain improvement of fungal pathogens of insects and weeds. In: Butt TM, Jackson CW, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 219–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamai MA, Alves NB, Neves PS (1999) Patogenicidade de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. ao ácaro Tetranychus urticae Koch. Sci Agric 56:285–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamai MA, Alves SB, de Almeida JEM, Faion M (2002a) Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi for control of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Arq Inst Biol 69:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamai MA, Alves SB, Lopes RB, Faion M, Padulla LFL (2002b) Toxicidade de produtos fitossanitários para Beauveria bassiana (Bals.). Vuill Arq Inst Biol 69:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Geest LPS (1985) Pathogens of spider mites. In: Helle W, Sabelis MW (eds) Spider mites. their biology, natural enemies and control, vol 1B. World Crop Pests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 247–258

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Geest LPS, Elliot SL, Breeuwer JAJ, Beerling EAM (2000) Diseases of mites. Exp Appl Acarol 24:497–560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wekesa VW, Maniania NK, Knapp M, Boga HI (2005) Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus evansi. Exp Appl Acarol 36:41–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wekesa VW, Knapp M, Maniania NK, Boga HI (2006) Effects of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on mortality, fecundity and egg fertility of Tetranychus evansi. J Appl Entomol 130:155–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wekesa WV, de Moraes GJ, Knapp M, Delalibera I Jr (2007) Interactions of two natural enemies of Tetranychus evansi, the fungal pathogen Neozygites floridana (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus longipes (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Biol Control 41:408–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel IM, Batista Filho A, de Almeida AMB, Mineiro JLC (2004) Evaluation of the effect of pesticides on the development and pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii. Arq Inst Biol 71:172–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Wraight SP, Jackson MA, de Lock SL (2001) Production, stabilization and formulation of fungal biocontrol agents. In: Butt TM, Jackson CW, Magan N (eds) Fungi as biocontrol agents. CABI, Wallingford, pp 253–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaninek S, Hanna R (2003) Cassava green mite in Africa—a unique example of successful classical biological control of a mite pest on a continental scale. In: Neuenschwander P, Borgemeister C, Langewald J (eds) Biological control in IPM systems in Africa. CAB International, UK, pp 61–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z-Q (2003) Mites of greenhouses. Identification, biology and control. CABI, UK, 244 pp

  • Zimmerman G (1986) Insect pathogenic fungi as pest control agents. Fortshr Zool 217–231

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank Dr. S. Ekesi (ICIPE), for critically reviewing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), PO Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya

    Nguya K. Maniania, David M. Bugeme & Markus Knapp

  2. Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Zoology, University of São Paulo, ESALQ Campus, Av. Pádua Dias 11 CP 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil

    Vitalis W. Wekesa & Italo Delalibera Jr.

Authors
  1. Nguya K. Maniania
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David M. Bugeme
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vitalis W. Wekesa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Italo Delalibera Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Markus Knapp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nguya K. Maniania.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maniania, N.K., Bugeme, D.M., Wekesa, V.W. et al. Role of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), pests of horticultural crops. Exp Appl Acarol 46, 259–274 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9180-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-008-9180-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation