Abstract
With the increasing popularity of the social network Twitter and its use to propagate information, it is of vital importance to detect rumors prior to their dissemination on Twitter. In the present paper, a model to detect rumor conversations is proposed using graph convolutional networks. A reply tree and user graph were extracted for each conversation. The reply trees were created according to the source tweet and the reply tweets. By modeling this graph on graph convolutional networks, structural information of the graph and the contents of conversation tweets were obtained. The user graphs were created based on the users participating in the conversation and the tweets exchanged among them. Information regarding the users and how they interacted in the conversations were obtained through modeling this graph on the graph convolutional networks. The outputs of the two above-mentioned modules were combined to detect the rumor. Experimental results on the public dataset show that the proposed method has a better performance than baseline methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Java A, Song X, Finin T, Tseng B (2007) Why we twitter: understanding microblogging usage and communities. In: Proceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 workshop on Web mining and social network analysis, pp 56–65
Starbird K, Palen L, Hughes AL, Vieweg S (2010) Chatter on the red: what hazards threat reveals about the social life of microblogged information. In: Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, pp 241–250
Cai G, Wu H, Lv R (2014) Rumors detection in chinese via crowd responses. In: 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2014). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 912–917
Zubiaga A, Aker A, Bontcheva K, Liakata M, Procter R (2018) Detection and resolution of rumours in social media: A survey. ACM Comput Surv 51(2):1–36
Ritter A, Cherry C, Dolan B (2010) Unsupervised modeling of twitter conversations. In: Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, pp 172–180
Bondielli A, Marcelloni F (2019) A survey on fake news and rumour detection techniques. Inf Sci 497:38–55
Cao J, Guo J, Li X, Jin Z, Guo H, Li J (2018) Automatic rumor detection on microblogs: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:180703505
Kipf TN, Welling M (2016) Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:160902907
Cogan P, Andrews M, Bradonjic M, Kennedy WS, Sala A, Tucci G (2012) Reconstruction and analysis of twitter conversation graphs. In: Proceedings of the First ACM International Workshop on Hot Topics on Interdisciplinary Social Networks Research, pp 25–31
Castillo C, Mendoza M, Poblete B (2011) Information credibility on twitter. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on World wide web, pp 675–684
Qazvinian V, Rosengren E, Radev DR, Mei Q (2011) Rumor has it: Identifying misinformation in microblogs. In: Proceedings of the conference on empirical methods in natural language processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, pp 1589–1599
Kwon S, Cha M, Jung K, Chen W, Wang Y (2013) Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media. In: 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1103–1108
Zhao Z, Resnick P, Mei Q (2015) Enquiring minds: Early detection of rumors in social media from enquiry posts. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on world wide web, pp 1395–1405
Zubiaga A, Liakata M, Procter R (2016) Learning reporting dynamics during breaking news for rumour detection in social media. arXiv preprint arXiv:161007363
Vosoughi S, Roy D (2015) A human-machine collaborative system for identifying rumors on twitter. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshop (ICDMW). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 47–50
Vosoughi S, Mohsenvand MN, Roy D (2017) Rumor gauge: Predicting the veracity of rumors on Twitter. ACM Trans Knowl Discov Data (TKDD) 11(4):1–36
Jahanbakhsh-Nagadeh Z, Feizi-Derakhshi M-R, Sharifi A (2020) A speech act classifier for persian texts and its application in identifying rumors. J Soft Comput Inf Technol (JSCIT) 9(1)
Giasemidis G, Singleton C, Agrafiotis I, Nurse JR, Pilgrim A, Willis C, Greetham DV (2016) Determining the veracity of rumours on Twitter. In: International Conference on Social Informatics. Springer, Berlin, pp 185–205
Young T, Hazarika D, Poria S, Cambria E (2018) Recent trends in deep learning based natural language processing. IEEE Comput Intell Mag 13(3):55–75
Zhao L, Zhou Y, Lu H, Fujita H (2019) Parallel computing method of deep belief networks and its application to traffic flow prediction. Knowl Based Syst 163:972–987
LeCun Y, Kavukcuoglu K, Farabet C (2010) Convolutional networks and applications in vision. In: Proceedings of 2010 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 253–256
Jiang H, Jin W (2019) Effective use of convolutional neural networks and diverse deep supervision for better crowd counting. Appl Intell 49(7):2415–2433
Lin C-H, Wang S-H, Lin C-J (2019) Using convolutional neural networks for character verification on integrated circuit components of printed circuit boards. Appl Intell 49(11):4022–4032
Sundermeyer M, Schlüter R, Ney HL (2012) STM neural networks for language modeling. In: Thirteenth annual conference of the international speech communication association
Yogatama D, Dyer C, Ling W, Blunsom P (2017) Generative and discriminative text classification with recurrent neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:170301898
Ma J, Gao W, Mitra P, Kwon S, Jansen BJ, Wong K-F, Cha M (2016) Detecting rumors from microblogs with recurrent neural networks. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), pp 3818–3824
Ajao O, Bhowmik D, Zargari S (2018) Fake news identification on twitter with hybrid cnn and rnn models. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society, pp 226–230
Xu N, Chen G, Mao W (2018) MNRD: A merged neural model for rumor detection in social media. In: 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1–7
Chen T, Li X, Yin H, Zhang J (2018) Call attention to rumors: Deep attention based recurrent neural networks for early rumor detection. In: Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer, Berlin, pp 40–52
Ma J, Gao W, Wong K-F (2019) Detect rumors on Twitter by promoting information campaigns with generative adversarial learning. In: The World Wide Web Conference, pp 3049–3055
Alsaeedi A, Al-Sarem M (2020) Detecting Rumors on Social Media Based on a CNN Deep Learning Technique. Arab J Sci Eng 1–32
Liu Y, Jin X, Shen H (2019) Towards early identification of online rumors based on long short-term memory networks. Inf Process Manag 56(4):1457–1467
Santhoshkumar S, Babu LD (2020) Earlier detection of rumors in online social networks using certainty-factor-based convolutional neural networks. Soc Netw Anal Min 10(1):1–17
Asghar MZ, Habib A, Habib A, Khan A, Ali R, Khattak A (2019) Exploring deep neural networks for rumor detection. J Ambient Intell Humanized Computing:1–19
Ouyang Y, Zeng Y, Gao R, Yu Y, Wang C (2020) Elective future: The influence factor mining of students’ graduation development based on hierarchical attention neural network model with graph. Appl Intell. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-01692-6
Zhang S, Tong H, Xu J, Maciejewski R (2019) Graph convolutional networks: a comprehensive review. Comput Soc Netw 6(1):11
Zhao J, Liu X, Yan Q, Li B, Shao M, Peng H (2020) Multi-attributed heterogeneous graph convolutional network for bot detection. Inform Sci 537:380–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2020.03.113
Levie R, Monti F, Bresson X, Bronstein MM (2018) Cayleynets: Graph convolutional neural networks with complex rational spectral filters. IEEE Trans Signal Process 67(1):97–109
Kipf TN, Welling M (2016) Variational graph auto-encoders. arXiv preprint arXiv:161107308
Vijayan R, Mohler G (2018) Forecasting retweet count during elections using graph convolution neural networks. In: 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 256–262
Dong M, Zheng B, Quoc Viet Hung N, Su H, Li G (2019) Multiple rumor source detection with graph convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, pp 569–578
Ying Z, You J, Morris C, Ren X, Hamilton W, Leskovec J (2018) Hierarchical graph representation learning with differentiable pooling. NIPS'18: Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, pp 4805–4815
Zhang M, Cui Z, Neumann M, Chen Y (2018) An end-to-end deep learning architecture for graph classification. In: Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Wu Z, Pan S, Chen F, Long G, Zhang C, Yu PS (2019) A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:190100596
Kwon S, Cha M, Jung K (2017) Rumor detection over varying time windows. PLoS One 12(1):e0168344
Tieleman T, Hinton G (2012) Lecture 6.5-rmsprop: Divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. COURSERA: Neural Netw Mach Learn 4(2):26–31
Branco P, Torgo L, Ribeiro R (2015) A survey of predictive modelling under imbalanced distributions. arXiv preprint arXiv:150501658
Duchi J, Hazan E, Singer Y (2011) Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization. J Mach Learn Res 12(7):2121–2159
Mohammad SM, Turney PD (2013) Nrc emotion lexicon. National Research Council, Ottawa
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lotfi, S., Mirzarezaee, M., Hosseinzadeh, M. et al. Detection of rumor conversations in Twitter using graph convolutional networks. Appl Intell 51, 4774–4787 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-02036-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-020-02036-0