Abstract
The effects of different feedback conditions on the elbow flexors maximal voluntary isometric (MVIC) force were examined. In a single visit, twenty participants (10 males) were exposed to four conditions including, Visual only; (i.e., knowledge of results [VI]); Verbal encouragement (i.e., verbally stating pull, pull [VE]); VI and VE (VIVE); and no VI or VE (NOVIVE). Three, 5-s MVIC trials were completed for each condition. Separate 2 × 4 (sex × condition) repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine MVIC force, rate of force development (RFD200), and rate of electromyography (EMG) rise (RER200) for the 0–200-ms window. There was a significant main condition effect for MVIC force (p < 0.001). Significantly greater MVIC force was shown for VIVE compared to VE (p < 0.001) and NOVIVE (p = 0.002) conditions, and VI compared to VE (p = 0.011) and NOVIVE (p = 0.009) conditions. A significant sex × condition interaction (p = 0.036) was observed for RFD200, with significantly (p = 0.003) greater RFD200 in males compared to females, in the VI condition only. There were no significant differences in RFD200 among condition for males (p = 0.033) or females (p = 0.194). There was a significant main effect for sex (p = 0.006) for RER200, with significantly greater (p = 0.003) RER200 (conditions merged) in males (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 422.99 ± 124.67%), compared to females (220.68 ± 134.01%). Here we suggest the importance of providing VI feedback alone, or in conjunction with VE, for the measurement of elbow flexion MVIC. Additionally, these results provide a foundational framework for future studies aiming to improve feedback modalities during training or rehabilitation.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Jason Defreitas (Oklahoma State University) for assistant in producing figures. We thank all participants who completed the study. We thank the anonymous referees for their useful suggestions.
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WMM, SJ, MK, JSS, and XY, contributed to the design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; WMM, SJ, MK, JSS, and XY, contributed to the draft of the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content; WMM, SJ, MK, JSS, and XY, approved the version to be published; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that the questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
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Miller, W., Jeon, S., Kang, M. et al. Does Performance-Related Information Augment the Maximal Isometric Force in the Elbow Flexors?. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 46, 91–101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-020-09492-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-020-09492-x