Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

HIV Prevalence and Related Risk Factors in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Bamako, Mali: Findings from a Bio-behavioral Survey Using Respondent-Driven Sampling

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Using respondent driven sampling, we conducted a cross-sectional bio-behavioral survey among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bamako, Mali. Eligibility criteria included age ≥18 years and having had sex with another man in the last 6 months. We enrolled 552 MSM, 99.6% were tested for HIV. MSM in Bamako were young (69.6% ≤24 years) and educated (63.7% ≥secondary). HIV prevalence among MSM in Bamako was 13.7; 90.1% of HIV-infected men were unaware of their HIV status. Almost one-third had never been tested for HIV. Factors associated with higher odds of HIV included younger age, being receptive with last partner, condom breaking during anal sex in last 6 months, talking to peer educator about HIV, and having sexually transmitted infection symptoms in past year. The results suggest the need for enhanced HIV prevention and treatment services targeted at MSM in Bamako, with emphasis on repeated HIV testing.

Resumen

Usando un muestreo dirigido por los encuestados, llevamos a cabo una encuestra transversal bio-comportamental con hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) en Bamako, Mali. Los criterios de inclusion eran tener 18 años o más y haber tenido sexo con otro hombre en los últimos 6 meses. Reclutamos 552 HSH, 99.6% recibieron un test de VIH. Los HSH en Bamajo eran jóvenes (69.6% ≤ 24 años) y estaban formados (63.7% tenían al menos educación secundaria). La prevalencia de VIH en los HSH en Bamako era 13.7% y 90.1% de los hombres infectados con el VIH no tenían conocimiento de su estado. Casi un tercio nunca había recibido un test de VIH. Los factores asociados con mayor probabilidad de VIH incluyeron ser más joven, ser el receptivo con la última pareja, tener un condom que se rompió durante sexo anal en los últimos 6 meses, haber hablado con un educador de par sobre el VIH y haber tenido síntomas de una infección de transmisión sexual en el último año. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de reforzar los servicios de prevención y tratamiento del VIH destinados a los HSH en Bamako, con énfasis en la repetición del test de VIH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cellule de Planification et de Statistique (CPS/SSDSPF), Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT/MPATP), Internationa I-SeI. Enquête Démographique et de Santé au Mali 2012-2013.. Rockville, Maryland, USA: CPS, INSTAT, INFO-STAT et ICF International; 2014.

  2. Ministère de la Santé du Mali, Cellule de Coordination du Comité Sectoriel de Lutte contre le SIDA, Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Centre de Contrôle et de Prévention des Maladies (CDC), Agence Américaine pour le Développement International (USAID). Enquete integree sur la prevalence et les comportement en matiere d’IST (ISBS) mee au Mali d’Avril a Juin 2009 2009.

  3. Smith AD, Tapsoba P, Peshu N, Sanders EJ, Jaffe HW. Men who have sex with men and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2009;374(9687):416–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367–77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Lane T, Raymond HF, Dladla S, Rasethe J, Struthers H, McFarland W, et al. High HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Men’s study. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(3):626–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Price MA, Rida W, Mwangome M, Mutua G, Middelkoop K, Roux S, et al. Identifying at-risk populations in Kenya and South Africa: HIV incidence in cohorts of men who report sex with men, sex workers, and youth. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59(2):185–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rispel LC, Metcalf CA, Cloete A, Reddy V, Lombard C. HIV prevalence and risk practices among men who have sex with men in two South African cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(1):69–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sanders EJ, Graham SM, Okuku HS, van der Elst EM, Muhaari A, Davies A, et al. HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS. 2007;21(18):2513–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ross MW, Nyoni J, Ahaneku HO, Mbwambo J, McClelland RS, McCurdy SA. High HIV seroprevalence, rectal STIs and risky sexual behaviour in men who have sex with men in Dar es Salaam and Tanga, Tanzania. BMJ Open. 2014;4(8):e006175.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Wade AS, Kane CT, Diallo PA, Diop AK, Gueye K, Mboup S, et al. HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Senegal. AIDS. 2005;19(18):2133–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Baral S, Trapence G, Motimedi F, Umar E, Iipinge S, Dausab F, et al. HIV prevalence, risks for HIV infection, and human rights among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(3):e4997.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dahoma M, Johnston LG, Holman A, Miller LA, Mussa M, Othman A, et al. HIV and related risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Zanzibar, Tanzania: results of a behavioral surveillance survey. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):186–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lane T, Osmand T, Marr A, Shade SB, Dunkle K, Sandfort T, et al. The Mpumalanga Men’s Study (MPMS): results of a baseline biological and behavioral HIV surveillance survey in two MSM communities in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e111063.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lane T, Shade SB, McIntyre J, Morin SF. Alcohol and sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men in South African township communities. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4 Suppl):S78–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Merrigan M, Azeez A, Afolabi B, Chabikuli ON, Onyekwena O, Eluwa G, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among men having sex with men in Nigeria. Sex Transm Infect. 2011;87(1):65–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Baral S, Burrell E, Scheibe A, Brown B, Beyrer C, Bekker LG. HIV risk and associations of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in peri-urban Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:766.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Sylla A, Togo A, Dembele A. Analyse de la situation du groupe des hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec d’autres hommes Bamako: Association de Recherche de Communication et d’Accompagnement à Domicile des personnes vivant avec le VIH/SIDA. 2005.

  18. Soutoura. L’experience de l’ONG Soutoura dans l’encadrement des hommes qui ont des rapports sexuels avec d’autres hommes dans le district de Bamako. 2011.

  19. Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44:174–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 2002;49:11–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wejnert C. An empirical test of respondent-driven sampling: point estimates, variance, degree measures, and out-of-equilibrium data. Sociol Methodol. 2009;39:73–116.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Matthew J, Salganik DDH. Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociol Methodol. 2004;34(1):193–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. ICAP at Columbia University, Cellule Sectorielle de Lutte Contre le SIDA (CSLS), (CDC) CfDCaP. Qualitative study among men who have sex with men in Bamako, Mali: Report of findings. 2014.

  24. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41(11):1284–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Baral SD, Ketende S, Mnisi Z, Mabuza X, Grosso A, Sithole B, et al. A cross-sectional assessment of the burden of HIV and associated individual- and structural-level characteristics among men who have sex with men in Swaziland. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(Suppl 3):18768.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hakim AJ, Aho J, Semde G, Diarrassouba M, Ehoussou K, Vuylsteke B, et al. The epidemiology of HIV and prevention needs of men who have sex with men in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0125218.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cellule Sectoriel de Lutte contre le SIDA MdlS, Mali. Mali National Guidelines for HIV care and treatment.

  29. Beyrer C, Baral SD, Collins C, Richardson ET, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, et al. The global response to HIV in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2016;388(10040):198–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2587–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, Chillag K, Mayer K, Thompson M, Grohskopf L, et al. Sexual risk behavior among HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men participating in a tenofovir preexposure prophylaxis randomized trial in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64(1):87–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Malekinejad M, Johnston LG, Kendall C, Kerr LR, Rifkin MR, Rutherford GW. Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4 Suppl):S105–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We want to thank the participants for their collaboration and support for this study. We are grateful to all the national stakeholders that collaborated directly or indirectly in this study, especially the local NGOs, ARCAD/SIDA and Soutoura for their crucial support for the formative assessment.

Funding

This research has been supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) under the terms of Cooperative Agreement (Grant No. CDC U2GGH000398). The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W. 168th St., New York, NY, USA

    Maria Lahuerta & Padmaja Patnaik

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Maria Lahuerta & Justin Knox

  3. Cellule Sectorielle de Lutte contre le Sida, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali

    Tako Ballo & Bouyagui Traore

  4. Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Bamako, Mali

    Nouhoum Telly & Seydou Doumbia

  5. Division of Global HIV/AIDS, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA

    Avi Hakim

Authors
  1. Maria Lahuerta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Padmaja Patnaik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tako Ballo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nouhoum Telly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Justin Knox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bouyagui Traore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Seydou Doumbia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Avi Hakim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria Lahuerta.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lahuerta, M., Patnaik, P., Ballo, T. et al. HIV Prevalence and Related Risk Factors in Men Who Have Sex with Men in Bamako, Mali: Findings from a Bio-behavioral Survey Using Respondent-Driven Sampling. AIDS Behav 22, 2079–2088 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1793-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1793-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation